Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted recently considerable attention in analytical sample preparation, particularly when used as novel sorbent materials in solid-phase microextraction (SPME). MOFs are highly ordered porous crystalline structures, full of cavities. They are formed by inorganic centers (metal ion atoms or metal clusters) and organic linkers connected by covalent coordination bonds. Depending on the ratio of such precursors and the synthetic conditions, the characteristics of the resulting MOF vary significantly, thus drifting into a countless number of interesting materials with unique properties. Among astonishing features of MOFs, their high chemical and thermal stability, easy tuneability, simple synthesis, and impressive surface area (which is the highest known), are the most attractive characteristics that makes them outstanding materials in SPME. This review offers an overview on the current state of the use of MOFs in different SPME configurations, in all cases covering extraction devices coated with (or incorporating) MOFs, with particular emphases in their preparation.
Highlights
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are solids constituted of inorganic metal ions and organic linkers connected by coordination bonds
The metal ions act as nodes or centers and the organic linkers act as a bridge between them, forming a complex bi-dimensional or three-dimensional net
It is hardly used to include neat MOFs in the fibers but to prepare f-solid-phase microextraction (SPME) devices with hybrid phases composed of MOFs together with carbonaceous materials [65,77,87,90]
Summary
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are solids constituted of inorganic metal ions (or metallic clusters) and organic linkers connected by coordination bonds. The design and synthesis of MOFs rely on reticular chemistry This approach allows the design of specific structures by the selection of the inorganic and organic SBUs identifying how the nodes and the linkers interact to form the network [4,5]. The evaporation strategy utilizes a saturated solution of the SBUs mixture, followed by heating to remove the solvent slowly, forcing the formation of the crystals Both methods are easy to perform, sometimes, MOF preparation requires an energy input to form the product. The solvo(hydro)thermal synthesis emerged as a common method to obtain MOFs [1] This procedure utilizes a solution of inorganic and organic SBUs in a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave, followed by heating at the adequate temperature.
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