Abstract

Owing to their unique features, including high cargo loading, biodegradability, and tailorability, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites have attracted increasing attention in various fields. In this review, application strategies of MOFs and their composites in nanomedicine with emphasis on their functions are presented, from drug delivery, therapeutic agents for different diseases, and imaging contrast agents to sensor nanoreactors. Applications of MOF derivatives in nanomedicine are also introduced. Besides, we summarize different functionalities related to MOFs, which include targeting strategy, biomimetic modification, responsive moieties, and other functional decorations. Finally, challenges and prospects are highlighted about MOFs in future applications.

Highlights

  • Nanomedicine, aiming to solve health and medicine problems using nanomaterials with size at nanometer scales, has become a promising field

  • 4) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are modifiable through surface chemistry and defect structure, which could extend the function of MOFs such as multi-responsiveness and precise targeting (Wang et al, 2018b)

  • AS1411, a 26-mer DNA aptamer with guanine-rich DNA segment known as G-quadruplex structure, could bind to nucleolin highly expressed both in the cell and on the cell surface (YazdianRobati et al, 2020) and has attracted increasing interest in targeting treatment

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Summary

INTRODUCTION

Nanomedicine, aiming to solve health and medicine problems using nanomaterials with size at nanometer scales, has become a promising field. MOFs, named porous coordination polymer (PCP), are constructed by metal ions or clusters covalently binding to organic linkers, which have attained increasing attention of investigations in various fields, from industry such as energy to medicine for therapeutics. 4) MOFs are modifiable through surface chemistry and defect structure, which could extend the function of MOFs such as multi-responsiveness and precise targeting (Wang et al, 2018b). All of these features make MOFs ideal candidates for nanomedicine, such as drug delivery, imaging, and sensor. Challenges and perspectives of MOFs and their hybrids in future applications are presented

FUNCTIONALIZATION
Targeting Modification
Aptamer-Mediated Targeting
Other Targeting Functionalities
Biomimetic Modification
Stimulus Responsiveness
Other Functional Modification
Cancer
Inflammatory Diseases
Antibacteria
IMAGING
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Computed Tomography
Positron Emission Tomography
Optical Imaging
Photoacoustic Imaging
Multi-Modal Imaging
THERANOSTICS
SENSORS
Fluorescence Detection
Chemiluminescence Detection
Colorimetric Detection
Findings
METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORK DERIVATIVES
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