Metal-organic framework derived vanadium-doped TiO2@carbon nanotablets for high-performance sodium storage

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a potential anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) suffers from the intrinsic poor electronic conductivity and sluggish ionic diffusivity, thus usually leading to the inferior electrochemical performance. Herein, we demonstrate a facile strategy to enhance the sodium storage performance of TiO2via vanadium (V) doping, using the pre-synthesized V-doped Ti-based metal–organic framework (MOF, MIL-125) as the precursor, which can be converted into the V-doped TiO2 with simultaneous carbon hybridization and controlled V-doping amount (denote as VxTiO2@C, where × represents the V/Ti molar ratio (RV/Ti)). V-doping not only affects the morphology of the MIL-125 changing from thick to thin nanotablets, but also greatly enhances the electrochemical performance of the VxTiO2@C. When used as an anode for SIBs, the V0.1TiO2@C exhibits a much higher reversible capacity of 211 mAh/g than that for the undoped TiO2@C (only 156 mAh/g) after 150 cycles at 100 mA/g. Even after high-rate long-term cycling, the V0.1TiO2@C can still display a capacity of 180 mAh/g with a high capacity retention of 137% at 1000 mA/g after 4500 cycles. Structural/electrochemical measurements reveal that V-doping induces the formation of oxygen vacancies as well as Ti3+ species, which efficiently improve the electric conductivity and the ion diffusivity of the electrode. Meanwhile, the thinner V0.1TiO2@C nanotablets with porous structure and carbon hybridization could facilitate the ion/electron transfer with shortened diffusion pathways.