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Abstract
Metal nanoparticles (NP) that exhibit localized surface plasmon resonance play an important role in metal‐enhanced fluorescence (MEF) and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Among the optical biosensors, MEF and SERS stand out to be the most sensitive techniques to detect a wide range of analytes from ions, biomolecules to macromolecules and microorganisms. Particularly, anisotropic metal NPs with strongly enhanced electric field at their sharp corners/edges under a wide range of excitation wavelengths are highly suitable for developing the ultrasensitive plasmon‐enhanced biosensors. In this review, we first highlight the reliable methods for the synthesis of anisotropic gold NPs and silver NPs in high yield, as well as their alloys and composites with good control of size and shape. It is followed by the discussion of different sensing mechanisms and recent advances in the MEF and SERS biosensor designs. This includes the review of surface functionalization, bioconjugation and (directed/self) assembly methods as well as the selection/screening of specific biorecognition elements such as aptamers or antibodies for the highly selective bio‐detection. The right combinations of metal nanoparticles, biorecognition element and assay design will lead to the successful development of MEF and SERS biosensors targeting different analytes both in‐vitro and in‐vivo. Finally, the prospects and challenges of metal‐enhanced biosensors for future nanomedicine in achieving ultrasensitive and fast medical diagnostics, high‐throughput drug discovery as well as effective and reliable theranostic treatment are discussed.
Highlights
Over the past decades, noble metal nanoparticles have received tremendous attention due to their unique plasmonic properties which can be used to module the optical signal of molecules placing in their vicinity.[1]
This distance-dependent phenomenon is called the metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) which was first observed by Geddes and Lakowicz in 2002.[105]. In short, fluorescence enhancement is a function of the enhanced electric field and enhanced quantum yield with the separation distance between fluorophores and metal NPs
As the optical properties of metal nanoparticles largely depend on their size and shape, it is important to develop reliable synthesis approach to produce a variety of metal NPs in high yield suitable for different applications
Summary
Noble metal nanoparticles have received tremendous attention due to their unique plasmonic properties which can be used to module the optical signal of molecules placing in their vicinity.[1] For instance, the fluorescence intensity of a fluorophore and Raman signal of a Raman reporter could be enhanced by the plasmonic nanoparticles These two plasmon-enhanced phenomena are termed as the metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), respectively. The success of metal-enhanced biosensors for future nanomedicine relies on the accomplishment of various technical challenges ranging from theoretical study of metal enhancement effects to standardization of biosensor fabrication methods, as well as further improvement in assay design to achieve single molecule detection for in vivo applications. Development of biocompatible metalenhanced biosensors with minimum signal-to-noise ratio is of utmost importance for clinical translation, especially for medical diagnostics, drug discovery, and theranostic treatment
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