Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as a frontrunner semiconductor technology for application in third generation photovoltaics while simultaneously making significant strides in other areas of optoelectronics. Photodetectors are one of the latest additions in an expanding list of applications of this fascinating family of materials. The extensive range of possible inorganic and hybrid perovskites coupled with their processing versatility and ability to convert external stimuli into easily measurable optical/electrical signals makes them an auspicious sensing element even for the high‐energy domain of the electromagnetic spectrum. Key to this is the ability of MHPs to accommodate heavy elements while being able to form large, high‐quality crystals and polycrystalline layers, making them one of the most promising emerging X‐ray and γ‐ray detector technologies. Here, the fundamental principles of high‐energy radiation detection are reviewed with emphasis on recent progress in the emerging and fascinating field of metal halide perovskite‐based X‐ray and γ‐ray detectors. The review starts with a discussion of the basic principles of high‐energy radiation detection with focus on key performance metrics followed by a comprehensive summary of the recent progress in the field of perovskite‐based detectors. The article concludes with a discussion of the remaining challenges and future perspectives.
Highlights
Perovskites encompass a large family of materials, usually deorganic molecule is employed as the A cation (e.g., MA+: CH3NH3+ or FA+:CH(NH2)2+), the resulting material is an inorganic–organic hybrid metal scribed by the general chemical formula ABX3.[1]
We aim to provide the reader first with an introduction to the basic principles of high-energy radiation detection, and second, with a critical review of the progress achieved to date in the rapidly advancing area of X-ray and γ-ray detectors based on Metal halide perovskites (MHPs)
The resulting crystals were of high quality as verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, while capacitance–frequency (C–f) measurements highlighted the presence of a low trap density of 1.4 × 1010 cm−3, which is comparable to 3D MHPs (1010–1013 cm−3)[108] and significantly lower than commercial inorganic materials (1015–1016 cm−3).[108,109]
Summary
Perovskites encompass a large family of materials, usually deorganic molecule is employed as the A cation (e.g., MA+ (methylammonium): CH3NH3+ or FA+ (formamidinium):CH(NH2)2+), the resulting material is an inorganic–organic hybrid metal scribed by the general chemical formula ABX3.[1]. The attractive properties of MHPs have been exploited for applications in X-ray detectors.[34,35] Since the discovery of the X-rays,[36] there has been intense effort to develop efficient large-area X-ray detectors for applications ranging from crystallography[37] and medicine,[38] to space exploration.[39] The same is true for γ-rays (0.1–10 MeV) (Figure 2), which are usually emitted by radioactive materials and their detection is essential for various security applications, including radiological security, nuclear defense,[40] and radioactive isotope identification. In the field of medical imaging such as computed tomography (CT), the use of inefficient detectors leads to the need for higher radiation doses, which in turn increases the risk for patients due to longer radiation exposure requirements These are the reasons why the development of new X-ray and γ-ray detector technologies that combine improved performance with other attractive attributes such as compactness and large-area features, with unusual form factor, have been attracting increasing attention. The review concludes with a summary and perspective of future developments
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