Abstract
Highly active metal chlorides grafted on silicoaluminophosphate number 5, MClx/SAPO-5 (M = Cu, Co, Sn, Fe and Zn) catalysts via simple grafting of respective metal chlorides (MClx) onto SAPO-5 are reported. The study shows that thermochemical treatment after grafting is essential to ensure the formation of chemical bondings between MClx and SAPO-5. In addition, the microscopy, XRD and nitrogen adsorption analyses reveal the homogeneous distribution of MClx species on the SAPO-5 surface. Furthermore, the elemental microanalysis confirms the formation of Si–O–M covalent bonds in ZnClx/SAPO-5, SnClx/SAPO-5 and FeClx/SAPO-5 whereas only dative bondings are formed in CoClx/SAPO-5 and CuClx/SAPO-5. The acidity of MClx/SAPO-5 is also affected by the type of metal chloride grafted. Thus, their catalytic behavior is evaluated in the acid-catalyzed acylation of 2-methylfuran under novel non-microwave instant heating conditions (90–110 °C, 0–20 min). ZnClx/SAPO-5, which has the largest amount of acidity (mainly Lewis acid sites), exhibits the best catalytic performance (94.5% conversion, 100% selective to 2-acetyl-5-methylfuran) among the MClx/SAPO-5 solids. Furthermore, the MClx/SAPO-5 solids, particularly SnClx/SAPO-5, FeClx/SAPO-5 and ZnClx/SAPO-5, also show more superior catalytic performance than common homogeneous acid catalysts (H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH, FeCl3, ZnCl2) with higher reactant conversion and catalyst reusability, thus offering a promising alternative for the replacement of hazardous homogeneous catalysts in Friedel–Crafts reactions.
Highlights
Furan and its acylated derivatives are important aromatic compounds that can be found in plants and microorganisms [1,2]
The solvent was removed via rotary evaporation before subjecting to thermochemical activation at 300 ◦ C to induce strong chemical bondings formation between the metal chlorides and the silicoaluminophosphate number 5 (SAPO-5) support
It can be concluded that strong chemical bonding between metal chloride and SAPO-5 had been formed after thermochemical activation
Summary
Furan and its acylated derivatives are important aromatic compounds that can be found in plants and microorganisms [1,2]. Zeolites and zeolite-like (AlPO-n, SAPO-n) solids are crystalline microporous materials composed of tetrahedral networks of TO4 (T = Si, Al and/or P) [13] These materials are very promising microporous solids from an environmental point of view, as catalysts, ion exchangers, molecular sieves and catalyst supports owing to their non-toxicity and high reusability [14,15,16,17]. Grafting of metal chlorides (e.g., GaCl3 , FeCl3 , AlCl3 ) on solid supports have found to be an effective approach to enhance the surface acidity of the solid catalysts [32,33,34,35,36]. The catalytic behavior of the grafted SAPO-5 solids is tested in the Friedel–Crafts acylation of 2-methylfuran under novel non-microwave instant heating conditions, and their catalytic performance and reusability are compared with the conventional acid catalysts
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