Metal (carbide)–carbon eutectics for thermometry and radiometry: a review of the first seven years

Abstract

Since 1999, when the first high temperature fixed-points based on the metal–carbon eutectic phase transitions were realized, more than 60 papers have been published on this topic. Eutectic based fixed-points are already being considered as secondary reference points for the International Temperature Scale and have been introduced into industrial laboratories. This rapid progress has been possible through the combined effort of scientists around the world, from national metrology institutes, universities and industry. It has been proposed that these fixed-points should be officially adopted as a way to improve the realization and dissemination of temperature scales above the silver point. In radiometry, the availability of stable high temperature fixed-points will give greater flexibility and at some wavelengths the potential for greater accuracy for spectral radiance and irradiance scale realization. This paper summarizes the major progress in eutectic research so far.