Abstract
In addition to the benefits, increasing the constant need for antibiotics has resulted in the development of antibiotic bacterial resistance over time. Antibiotic tolerance mainly evolves in these bacteria through efflux pumps and biofilms. Leading to its modern and profitable uses, emerging nanotechnology is a significant field of research that is considered as the most important scientific breakthrough in recent years. Metal nanoparticles as nanocarriers are currently attracting a lot of interest from scientists, because of their wide range of applications and higher compatibility with bioactive components. As a consequence of their ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria, nanoparticles have been shown to have significant antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic efficacy in the battle against antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. As a result, this study covers bacterial tolerance to antibiotics, the antibacterial properties of various metal nanoparticles, their mechanisms, and the use of various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles as novel antibiotic carriers for direct antibiotic delivery.
Highlights
Microbial infections and contamination are persisting as the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals across the globe [1]
Antibiotic resistance is a narrower term, since it refers to the resistance to drugs that treat infections that are caused by bacteria [6]
Antibiotic use is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms, since it helps them to alter their genotype, resulting in multidrug strains
Summary
Microbial infections and contamination are persisting as the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals across the globe [1]. NPs are colloidal nanoparticles that are utilized for a variety of purposes, including the delivery of antibiotics They are particles with a diameter of less than 1000 nanometers that are used in nanomedicine [11]. Antibiotic delivery through nanoparticles, to the site of infection, is a potential therapeutic approach, especially for controlled drug release, which reduces the amount required to produce a clinical effect [12]. The key pathways behind the antibacterial actions of MNPs, according to existing studies, are as follows: (i) disruption of the bacterial cell membrane; (2) production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); (3) penetration of bacterial cell membrane; and (4) development of intracellular antibacterial effects, including interactions with DNA and proteins [17]. The use of various metal nanoparticles as novel antibiotic carriers for direct antibiotic delivery is discussed with a mechanism and schematic diagram
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