Abstract
Intermodal containers have many advantages in the bulk supply chain, but idle times may cause freezing problems for containers in terminals and long-lasting deliveries, especially during the winter time in Nordic conditions. The aim of the cold tests was to study metal and composite containers’ ability to tolerate wood chips freezing into the inner surface of the container. Two of the containers were normal metal containers and one was a composite container. The loaded containers were put inside the laboratory hall, the temperature of which was -30°C, and kept there for variable times: less than 24 hours. The inner surface of one of metal containers was treated with a special coolant, EC1. After the test, the chips were unloaded, and the container walls were checked to determine whether there was any material left on them. The test results indicated the advantages of composite containers having a thermally insulated structure without freezing problems. At the same time, chips were freezing badly onto the floor of both metal containers. A frozen chip layer with a thickness of approximately 50 cm - 60 cm was stuck to the floors. As such, EC1 did not seem to prevent the freezing of the chips onto the inner surfaces. The results proved that intermodal logistics of truck and train transportation would be more suitable for composite containers than for metal containers in the winter time in Nordic conditions.
Highlights
In 2013, the use of forest chips by heat and power plants in Finland was 8.0 million m3, 16.0 TWh, meaning an increase of 5% from the previous year [1]
This study focuses on containers unloaded by truck, but there are other unloading methods in intermodal container transport
The first metal container was treated with a coolant
Summary
In 2013, the use of forest chips by heat and power plants in Finland was 8.0 million m3, 16.0 TWh, meaning an increase of 5% from the previous year [1]. The majority of forest chips were transported by trucks equipped with a solid frame, either as chips or as comminuted material [2]. The majority of forest chips are supplied by roadside chipping directly into trucks (~60%), with less going via regional terminals (21%) or directly to end-use crushing stations (18%) [3]. According to the Finnish Ministerial working group on energy and climate policy, forest chip volumes should rapidly increase to 25 TWh until the year 2020 as a consequence of the imbalance between the locations of demand and supply, which means longer transport distances from the supply areas to the largest demand sites in Finland [4]
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