Abstract

Wastewater treatment refers to the removal of biological or chemical waste products from water, and then thereby treated water can be used for other purposes. Public concern over the environmental impact of wastewater pollution has increased. Wastewater treatment plants include agricultural wastewater treatment, sewage treatment and industrial wastewater treatment. Biological wastewater treatment covers a majority of water treatment plants and depends on microbial processes, usually carried out by mixed microbial communities. The advances in experimental methods and the development of high-performance bioinformatics tools have substantially improved our understanding of microbial communities associated with human niches. Conventionally bacterial indicators and polymerase chain reaction-based methods are engaged for detection of pathogens from wastewater. Recent advancements in molecular biology involving genome sequencing, also called metagenomics, are emerging as a powerful tool that allows detection and comprehensive analysis of microbes that are present in wastewater with high treatment efficiency. This chapter highlights the potential of genomic and meta-omic approaches to understand the structure, function and interactions of microbial communities of wastewater treatment systems and discusses how these genomic and meta-omics results influence the development and monitoring of these biotechnologies. It also discusses the application of metagenomics and state-of-the-art bioinformatics tools in the analysis of microbial communities.

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