Metagenomic sequencing reveals mechanisms of adaptation and biodegradation of dechlorinating bacteria to trichloroethylene

Abstract

Bioremediation is a sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly way to remediate pollutants. However, the effectiveness of bioremediation is constrained by the underground environmental conditions, resulting in poor natural attenuation of organic pollution and degradation by functional microorganisms. In this study, a dechlorinating bacteria (DB) was enriched from contaminated soil and used to degrade trichloroethylene (TCE) in wastewater. The adaptation and degradation mechanisms of DB to TCE were investigated by degradation product analysis and metagenomic sequencing. The degradation of TCE by DB is pH and additional carbon source dependent. The highest TCE removal amount (1.86 × 10−7 mmol/CFU) was achieved at pH=8, 1% DB inoculum volume, and 400 mg/L sodium acetate concentration. Moreover, DB has a high acid resistance and a removal capacity of 1.18×10−7 mmol/CFU for TCE at pH =2. None of the co-occurring pollutants Cr (VI) and toluene had a significant effect on the ability of DB to degrade TCE in wastewater (maintained at 1.13–1.22×10−7 mmol/CFU). DB dechlorinated TCE mainly through the action of extracellular enzymes (contributed 91% of the total removal ability). DB playing a major role in degradation is Paraclostridium. Significant differences in alpha diversity indices were revealed in the reaction systems after 15 days of exposure to TCE (p < 0.01). The degradation of TCE by DB is mainly accomplished through the defense system, energy synthesis, electron supply and biodegradation. Metagenomic sequencing demonstrated that DB achieved adaptation and degradation of TCE through gene-regulated biological processes such as xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, amino acid metabolism, membrane transport, and signal transduction. This study reveals for the first time the biodegradation efficiency and biotransformation process of DB under TCE stress.