Abstract
Midgut microbiota can participate in the detoxification and metabolism processes in insects, but there are few reports on the relationship between midgut microbiota and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. In this study, we performed metagenomic sequencing on a susceptible strain (SS), a field-collected Hainan strain (HN), and a deltamethrin-resistant strain (RR) of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to understand the diversity and functions of their midgut microbiota. The results revealed differences in midgut microbiota among the three strains of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria was the most prominent, accounting for nearly 70% of their midgut microbes. At the genus level, Aeromonas made up the highest proportion. In addition, Aeromonas, Morganella, Elizabethkingia, Enterobacter, Cedecea, and Thorsellia showed significant differences between strains. At the species level, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter cloacae complex sp. 4DZ3-17B2, Streptomyces sp. CNQ329, and some species of Pseudomonas and Wolbachia were more abundant in the two resistant strains. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the SS strain had significantly different metagenomic functions than the two deltamethrin-resistant strains (HN and RR strain). The HN and RR strains differed from the SS strain in more than 10 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The analysis of species abundance and functional diversity can provide directions for future studies.
Highlights
Microorganisms are an important part of the ecosystem and are intimately involved in the physiology of plants, animals, and humans (Engel and Moran, 2013)
The results showed that the two deltamethrinresistant strains (HN and RR) had eight microbial genera that were more abundant than they were in strain susceptible strain (SS): Acaricomes, Desertifilum, Claussenomyces, Oleiagrimonas, Citromicrobium, FIGURE 4 | Histogram of midgut microbiota in the SS, Hainan strain (HN), and RR strains of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; ns, no significant difference)
The three strains of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus in this study had been reared in the laboratory for many years; the consistency of their midgut microbiota was very high
Summary
Microorganisms are an important part of the ecosystem and are intimately involved in the physiology of plants, animals, and humans (Engel and Moran, 2013). Insects can maintain a population advantage in a complex ecological environment and depends largely on the various symbiotic microorganisms in their. The microorganisms in insects mainly reside in their midgut and include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. These symbiotic microorganisms directly or indirectly regulate the growth, reproduction, immune defense, and other physiological activities of insects (Crotti et al, 2012). The midgut microbiota is divided into autochthonous and allochthonous communities. The autochthonous communities are the main microbes involved in the physiological functions of insects
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