Metabolomics reveals the depletion of intracellular metabolites in HepG2 cells after treatment with gold nanoparticles

Abstract

Studies on the safety of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are plentiful due to their successful application in drug delivery and treatment of diseases in trials. Cytotoxicity caused by GNPs has been studied on the physiological and biochemical level; yet, the effect of GNPs (particularly gold nano-spheres) on the metabolome of living organisms remains understudied. In this investigation, metabolomics was used to comprehensively study the metabolic alterations in HepG2 cells caused by GNPs; and to investigate the role of representative GNP coatings. GNPs were synthesized, coated and characterized before use on HepG2 cell cultures. Cells were treated for 3 h with citrate-, poly-(sodiumsterene sulfunate)-, and poly-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-capped GNPs, respectively. The internalization of the different GNPs and their effect on mitochondrial respiration and the metabolome were studied. Results indicated that the PVP-capped GNPs internalized more and also caused a more observable effect on the metabolome. Conversely, it was the citrate- and poly-(sodiumsterene sulfunate) coated particles that influenced ATP production in addition to the metabolomic changes. A holistic depletion of intracellular metabolites was observed regardless of GNP coating, which hints to the binding of certain metabolites to the particles.