Abstract
Sleep-wake disorders are highly prevalent disorders, which can lead to negative effects on cognitive, emotional and interpersonal functioning, and can cause maladaptive metabolic changes. Recent studies support the notion that metabolic processes correlate with sleep. The study of metabolite biomarkers (metabolomics) in a large-scale manner offers unique opportunities to provide insights into the pathology of diseases by revealing alterations in metabolic pathways. This review aims to summarize the status of metabolomic analyses-based knowledge on sleep disorders and to present knowledge in understanding the metabolic role of sleep in psychiatric disorders. Overall, findings suggest that sleep-wake disorders lead to pronounced alterations in specific metabolic pathways, which might contribute to the association of sleep disorders with other psychiatric disorders and medical conditions. These alterations are mainly related to changes in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. In insomnia, alterations in branched-chain amino acid and glucose metabolism were shown among studies. In obstructive sleep apnea, biomarkers related to lipid metabolism seem to be of special importance. Future studies are needed to examine severity, subtypes and treatment of sleep-wake disorders in the context of metabolite levels.
Highlights
Sleep is a pivotal operating state of the central nervous system, which controls organismal well-being and might be the most well-preserved activity throughout the evolutionary timescale [1,2]
We aim to address the present status of knowledge on sleep from metabolomics analysis and to present knowledge in understanding the metabolic role of sleep in psychiatric disorders
This review on the application of metabolomics in the study of sleep disorders clearly suggests alterations in specific metabolic pathways which likely contribute to the association of sleep-wake disorders with other psychiatric disorders and medical conditions
Summary
Sleep is a pivotal operating state of the central nervous system, which controls organismal well-being and might be the most well-preserved activity throughout the evolutionary timescale [1,2]. Sleep-wake disorders encompass ten disorders or diagnostic groups [25]: insomnia disorder, hypersomnolence disorder, narcolepsy, breathing-related sleep disorders (i.e., obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea, central sleep apnea, sleep-related hypoventilation), circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep arousal disorders, nightmare disorder, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome and substance-/medication-induced sleep disorder. Patients with these diagnoses typically express dissatisfaction regarding the quality, amount and timing of sleep. Despite the strategic literature search strategy, the current study does not follow PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines for systematic reviews (e.g., quality assessment of studies)
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