Metabolomic Profiling of Mango (Mangifera indica Linn) Leaf Extract and Its Intestinal Protective Effect and Antioxidant Activity in Different Biological Models.

Javier Palacios,Fredi Cifuentes,Daniel Asunción-Alvarez,Jorge Bórquez,Ivan M Quispe-Díaz,Mario J Simirgiotis,Roberto O Ybañez-Julca,Adrián Paredes,Chukwuemeka R Nwokocha,Shagufta Perveen

doi:10.3390/molecules25215149

Abstract

Mangifera indica Linn popularly known as mango is used in folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to identify the metabolomic composition of lyophilized extract of mango leaf (MIE), to evaluate the antioxidant activity on several oxidative stress systems (DPPH, FRAP, TBARS, and ABTS), the spasmolytic and antispasmodic activity, and intestinal protective effect on oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in rat ileum. Twenty-nine metabolites were identified and characterized based on their ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry, these include: benzophenone derivatives, xanthones, phenolic acids, fatty acids, flavonoids and procyanidins. Extract demonstrated a high antioxidant activity in in-vitro assays. MIE relaxed (p < 0.001) intestinal segments of rat pre-contracted with acetylcholine (ACh) (10−5 M). Pre-incubation of intestinal segments with 100 µg/mL MIE significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the contraction to H2O2. Similar effects were observed with mangiferin and quercetin (10−5 M; p < 0.05) but not for gallic acid. Chronic treatment of rats with MIE (50 mg/kg) for 28 days significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the H2O2-induced contractions. MIE exhibited a strong antioxidant activity, spasmolytic and antispasmodic activity, which could contribute to its use as an alternative for the management of several intestinal diseases related to oxidative stress.

Highlights

M. indica is a tree of the Anacardiaceae family, and six varieties have been described: Kent, Keitt, Haden, Francis, Ataúlfo, and Tommy Atkins [1]
Twenty-nine compounds were identified in the chromatogram of the extract of MIE (Figure 1, Table 1)
ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) chromatograph of MIE showed the presence of mangiferin, quercetin, gallic acid, vitamin C, and carotenoids which have a good capacity of capturing radicals [38]

Summary

Introduction

M. indica is a tree of the Anacardiaceae family, and six varieties have been described: Kent, Keitt, Haden, Francis, Ataúlfo, and Tommy Atkins [1]. The distribution is mainly subtropical, with several metabolites reported to have been isolated and identified in the bark, seed, flowers, leaves, and pulp of mango [2], and the extracts are reported to have good antioxidant capacity [3]. M. indica leaves are used in colitis, diarrhea, and dysentery treatments [5,6]. The phytotherapeutic potential of mango could prevent intestinal damage, because it exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in several tissues [7], and its phytocomponents include: polyphenols, terpenes, sterols, carotenoids, vitamins, amino acids, etc. In a rat colitis model, the potential therapeutic anti-inflammatory/antioxidant activity of mango involves inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) by proanthocyanidin [9], inhibition via tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [10], IGF-1/mTOR pathway [11], as well as PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [7]. Oxidative stress, as an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [12], could present with the increase of, and release of, pro-inflammatory cytokines, inflammation, and mucose damage in the intestine [13]

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