Abstract
This study aims to compare the metabolomic profiles of Malaysian and New Zealand honey while determining their anti-oncogenic activity for potential prophylactic functions. Metabolomics tools including multivariate analysis were applied on concatenated LC-HRMS and NMR datasets to afford an intensive chemical profile of honey samples and have a snapshot of the bioactive metabolites in the respective collections. Malaysian samples were found to have higher sugar and polyphenolic content, while New Zealand samples afforded higher concentration of low molecular weight (MW) lipids. However, New Zealand honey collected from the northern islands had higher concentration of acetylated saccharides, while those from the southern islands yielded higher low MW phenolic metabolites that were comparable to Malaysian honey. Mild anti-oncogenic compounds against breast cancer cell line ZR75 were putatively identified in Malaysian honey that included earlier described antioxidants such as gingerdiol, 2-hexylphenol-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, plastoquinone, tropine isovalerate, plumerinine, and 3,5-(12-phenyl-8-dodecenyl)resorcinol, along with several phenolic esters and lignans.
Highlights
Honey has been used as food and cooking ingredient because of its sugars that serve as a source of energy [1]
Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) datasets to afford an intensive chemical profile of honey samples and to get a snapshot of the bioactive metabolites present in the respective collections according to their geographical origin
The obtained LC-HRMS data were processed with MZmine and were dereplicated using an in-house Excel Macro to couple the MS data with the Dictionary of Natural Products database [13]
Summary
Honey has been used as food and cooking ingredient because of its sugars that serve as a source of energy [1]. Honey has a wider role in therapeutic applications It has been investigated for a variety of medicinal uses, including wound healing, cough, and skin allergies, as well as more advanced medicinal applications such as cancer [2]. There are several types of honey produced in Malaysia, famously known as Tualang, Gelam, Nanas and Acacia. These honeys were characterised based on the origin of their nectar. Tualang honey has exhibited its effect as an anti-proliferative agent via the reduction of cell viability of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and human osteosarcoma (HOS) cell lines due to apoptosis machinery [4]. On the other hand, demonstrated activity as an anti-proliferative agent against the liver cancer line (HepG2), while it was found to be relatively nontoxic to a normal liver
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