Metabolomic Profile of Primary Turkey and Rat Hepatocytes and Two Cell Lines after Chloramphenicol Exposure.

Lidia Radko,Tomasz Śniegocki,Bartosz Sell,Andrzej Posyniak

doi:10.3390/ani10010030

Abstract

Simple SummaryThe use of cell cultures can be an important alternative for animal experiments. Therefore, it seems reasonable to use in vitro models to compare the liver metabolism of a drug in different animal species. Chloramphenicol is an effective broad-spectrum antibiotic used in human and pets. The toxicity of chloramphenicol is complex and differs among animal species mainly depending on the biotransformation. The purpose of this study was to assess chloramphenicol metabolism on its cytotoxicity in primary turkey and rat hepatocyte cultures, also in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells and nonhepatic, Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of differences in chloramphenicol metabolism in primary turkey and rat hepatocyte cultures. The two metabolites of the drug were detected in turkey and rat hepatocyte cultures. The amount of one metabolite of chloramphenicol was closely related to the cytotoxicity of the drug. The primary turkey and rat hepatocyte cultures were more sensitive to chloramphenicol than HepG2 cells and Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts. The primary hepatocyte cultures represent valuable tools with which to study the biotransformation of xenobiotics and determine species differences in their metabolism and toxicity.The purpose of this study was to assess the formation of chloramphenicol metabolites in primary turkey and rat hepatocyte cultures and human hepatoma (HepG2) cells and nonhepatic, Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the drug was assessed through three biochemical endpoints: mitochondrial and lysosomal activity and cellular membrane integrity after 24 and 48 h exposure. The two metabolites of the drug, chloramphenicol glucuronide and nitroso-chloramphenicol, were detected to the greatest extent in both primary hepatocyte cultures by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Toxic nitroso-chloramphenicol was the main metabolite in the primary turkey hepatocyte cultures, but it was not in the primary rat hepatocyte cultures. The most affected endpoint in turkey and rat hepatocyte cultures was the disintegration of the cellular membrane, but in the cell lines, mitochondrial and lysosomal activities underwent the greatest change. The primary hepatocyte cultures represent valuable tools with which to study the species differences in the biotransformation and toxicity of drugs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of differences in chloramphenicol metabolism in primary turkey and rat hepatocyte cultures.

Highlights

IntroductionIts use in food-producing animals is banned due to the potentially carcinogenic action of CAP residue and the development of non-dose-related aplastic anemia in humans [1,2]
Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in medicine
We found that the concentrations of the nontoxic metabolite, CAP-G, in turkey and rat hepatocyte cultures correlated with cytotoxicity of CAP

Summary

Introduction

Its use in food-producing animals is banned due to the potentially carcinogenic action of CAP residue and the development of non-dose-related aplastic anemia in humans [1,2]. This antibiotic is used illegally in veterinary practice, and its residues are found in food from animals (milk (0.005–0.5 μg/L), honey (0.1–75 μg/kg), eggs (0.9 μg/kg), fish and shrimp (0.01–242 μg/kg), meat (0.004–0.01 μg/kg), turkey breasts (1–8.7 μg/kg), and chicken breasts (range, 0.4–1.2 μg/kg)) [3,4,5] and the environment (sediments (0.196 mg/kg), surface water (112 ng/kg)) [6,7,8,9]. The data on CAP kinetics are scant in avian species, and only one report is available for the turkey [13]

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