Abstract
Royal jellies (RJs) possess moisturizing, emulsifying, and stabilizing properties, and several pharmacological activities have also been found to be present, which make them an ideal component for cosmetic and skin care products. However, despite the abundant efficacies, there is a lack of studies that explore the chemical composition of RJ using metabolome analysis. Furthermore, an evaluation of the chemical composition of Indonesian RJs collected from different regions has yet to be carried out. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify any differences in the chemical composition of such RJs. Chemical profiling was also carried out to enable more targeted utilization based on the actual compositions. Chemical profiling is also important given the rich Indonesian biodiversity and the high dependence of the RJ compositions on the botanical source. In this research, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used as part of an untargeted metabolomics approach. From the chemical profiling, >30 compounds were identified across four RJ samples. The major constituents of the samples were found to be oligosaccharides, fatty acids, and adenosine monophosphate derivatives. Meanwhile, sucrose and planteose were found to be highest in the samples from Banjarnegara and Kediri, whereas dimethyloctanoic acid was found to be unique to the sample from Banjarnegara. It was also discovered that the RJs from Demak and Tuban contained more organic fatty acids and oligosaccharides than the other samples. Although the sample from Demak demonstrated good potential for use in the cosmetic, skin care, and bio-supplement industries, the higher abundance of fatty acids and oligosaccharides in the sample from Tuban indicated that it is perhaps the most suitable RJ for use in this field.
Highlights
Royal jelly (RJ), or bee's milk, is a yellowish creamy glandular secretion with a gelatinous–viscous texture, unique phenol smell, and sour taste (Fratini et al, 2016)
The results of this study indicated that the fatty acids and the related compounds of RJ could be responsible for its skin-protective properties such as anti-aging, moisturizing, skinwhitening, skin-refining, and pH-adjusting effects
It was clear that the sample from Demak (M) had good potential for use in the cosmetics and skin care industries
Summary
Royal jelly (RJ), or bee's milk, is a yellowish creamy glandular secretion with a gelatinous–viscous texture, unique phenol smell, and sour taste (Fratini et al, 2016). Because of the high abundance of organic fatty acids and oligosaccharides, RJs possess moisturizing, emulsifying, and stabilizing properties, and several pharmacological activities are present, including antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-hypertensive, anti-photoaging, and wound-healing properties (Pavel et al, 2011; Townsend et al, 1960; Tokunaga et al, 2004; Park et al 2011, 2012), which make them an ideal constituent for cosmetic and skin care products. Indonesia has various types of RJ-producing bees that inhabit different areas, and the chemical profiling of Indonesian RJ from different regions is crucial given the rich Indonesian biodiversity and the high dependence of the RJ compositions on the botanical source. This research could provide a number of benefits, including increasing the utilization of Indonesian RJs in producing cosmetic, skin care, and bio-supplement products
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