Abstract
Prickly rose (Rosa acicularis Lindl.) is the most distributed rose species in the Northern Hemisphere, used by indigenous people for various food purposes. The lack of detailed information about the chemical composition of R. acicularis has led us to study the phytochemical composition and metabolic profile of prickly rose extracts using chromatographic techniques. Many groups of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds were quantified in the leaves, flowers, roots and fruits of R. acicularis. Phenolic compounds were the dominant phytochemicals in the aerial parts and roots of R. acicularis. A precise study by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detection showed the presence of 123 compounds, among which ellagic acid derivatives, ellagitannins, gallotannins, catechins, catechin oligomers, hydroxycinnamates and flavonoid glycosides of kaempferol, quercetin and dihydroquercetin were all identified for the first time. The most abundant phenolic compounds were ellagitannins and flavonoid glycosides, with a maximal content of 70.04 mg/g in leaves and 66.72 mg/g in flowers, respectively, indicating the great ability of R. acicularis organs to accumulate phenolic compounds. By applying a standardized static, simulated gastrointestinal digestion method, we found the inhibitory potential of the leaf extract against digestive α-amylases. A pancreatic α-amylase activity-inhibiting assay coupled with HPLC microfractionation demonstrated high inhibition of enzyme activity by ellagitannin rugosin D, which was later confirmed by a microplate reaction with mammalian α-amylases and the simulated digestion method. This study clearly demonstrates that R. acicularis leaf extract and its main component, ellagitannin rugosin D, strongly inhibit digestive α-amylase, and may be a prospective antidiabetic agent.
Highlights
Rosa is one of the largest genera of the Rosaceae family, and is an amazing plant genus that has found practical application by humans since ancient times
It is not difficult to notice that the largest amount of scientific information on the chemical composition and biological activity of the rose species was created for the southern plants
The known ethnopharmacological data refer to the use of the whole plant of R. acicularis for medicinal and dietary purposes [17,18,19,20,21,22]
Summary
Rosa is one of the largest genera of the Rosaceae family, and is an amazing plant genus that has found practical application by humans since ancient times. Our earlier study of Siberian plants demonstrated the high potential of R. acicularis extracts to inhibit α-glycosidase, indicating the promising antidiabetic potential of prickly rose extracts [23], especially given the ethnopharmacological data about the use of R. acicularis decoction and tincture to treat diabetes in traditional medicine of Siberian nomads [13]. As part of an ongoing study on plant antidiabetic metabolites [23,24,25,26,27,28,29], and based on the preliminary information available concerning rose metabolites, we performed qualitative and quantitative chromatographic analyses of phenolic compounds for the first time in the leaves, flowers, roots and fruits of R. acicularis by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-PDA-ESI-tQ-MS/MS). Rugosin D was found to be the main inhibitor of α-amylase in a simulated gastrointestinal digestion model
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