Metabolite Profiling of Methanolic Extract of Gardenia jaminoides by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS and Its Anti-Diabetic, and Anti-Oxidant Activities.

Kandasamy Saravanakumar,Arokia Vijaya Anand Mariadoss,Kil-Nam Kim,Seonju Park,Anbazhagan Sathiyaseelan,Su-Hyeon Cho,Myeong-Hyeon Wang

doi:10.3390/ph14020102

Kandasamy Saravanakumar, Arokia Vijaya Anand Mariadoss + Show 5 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14020102

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Abstract

In this study, the methanolic extract from seeds of Gardenia jasminoides exhibited strong antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities with less toxicity to NIH3T3 and HepG2 cells at the concentration of 100 µg/mL. The antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS), α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibition activities were found higher in methanolic extract (MeOH-E) than H2O extract. Besides, 9.82 ± 0.62 µg and 6.42 ± 0.26 µg of MeOH-E were equivalent to 1 µg ascorbic acid for ABTS and DPPH scavenging, respectively while 9.02 ± 0.25 µg and 6.52 ± 0.15 µg of MeOH-E were equivalent to 1 µg of acarbose for inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively. Moreover, the cell assay revealed that the addition of MeOH-E (12.5 µg/mL) increased about 37% of glucose uptake in insulin resistant (IR) HepG2 as compared to untreated IR HepG2 cells. The LC- MS/MS and GC-MS analysis of MeOH-E revealed a total of 54 compounds including terpenoids, glycosides, fatty acid, phenolic acid derivatives. Among the identified compounds, chlorogenic acid and jasminoside A were found promising for anti-diabetic activity revealed by molecular docking study and these molecules are deserving further purification and molecular analysis.

Highlights

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a commonly detected chronic disorder causing major mortality worldwide
Diabetic patients who are not able to secrete insulin are characterized as T1DM [4], while patients with insulin deficiency or insulin resistance in the human metabolic system, less insulin sensitivity or signaling in the liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue are characterized as T2DM [5,6]
The content of total phenol (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC) in MeOH-E and H2 O-E was determined and the results are expressed as tannic acid equivalents (TAEs) for TPC while the TFC is presented as quercetin equivalents (QEs)

Summary

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a commonly detected chronic disorder causing major mortality worldwide. By 2019 and projected to increase about 10.2% by 2030 and 10.9% by 2045 [1]. Diabetic patients who are not able to secrete insulin are characterized as T1DM [4], while patients with insulin deficiency or insulin resistance in the human metabolic system, less insulin sensitivity or signaling in the liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue are characterized as T2DM [5,6]. The prolonged diabetic symptoms (hyperglycemia, polyphagia, polydipsia, and insulin resistance) trigger multiple disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, renal failure, coronary artery, neurological complications, premature death, and limb amputation [7,8]. Up 50% of people do not know that they are affected by diabetes [1]

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