Abstract
The Aquilaria malaccensis species of the genus Aquilaria is an abundant source of agarwood resin and many bioactive phytochemicals. Recent data regarding the chemical constituents and biological activities of Aquilaria leaves led us to attempt to qualitatively profile the metabolites of Aquilaria malaccensis leaves from a healthy, noninoculated tree through phytochemical screening, GC-MS, and LC/Q-TOF-MS. The present work is also the first to report the antilipoxygenase activity of A. malaccensis leaves from healthy noninoculated tree and investigate its toxicity on oral mucosal cells. A total of 53 compounds were tentatively identified in the extract, some of which have been described in literature as exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity. A number of compounds were identified for the first time in the extract of A. malaccensis leaf, including quercetin, quercetin-O-hexoside, kaempferol-O-dirhamnoside, isorhamnetin-O-hexoside, syringetin-O-hexoside, myricetin, tetrahydroxyflavanone, hesperetin, sissotrin, and lupeol. The antilipoxygenase assay was used to determine the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory potential of the extract, while a WST-1 assay was conducted to investigate the effect of the extract on oral epithelial cells (OEC). The extract implied moderate anti-LOX activity with IC50 value of 71.6 µg/mL. Meanwhile, the cell viability of OEC ranged between 92.55% (10 µg/mL)–76.06% ± (100 µg/mL) upon treatment, indicating some potential toxicity risks. The results attained encourage future studies of the isolation of bioactive compounds from Aquilaria malaccensis leaves, as well as further investigation on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms and toxicity associated with their use.
Highlights
Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) is an agarwood-producing genus that includes 21 species [1]
Other research has reported the presence of alkaloids in A. malaccensis leaves [7,26,27]
A number of compounds were identified for the first time in A. malaccensis leaves, including quercetin, quercetin-O-hexoside, kaempferol-O-dirhamnoside, isorhamnetin-O-hexoside, syringetin-O-hexoside, Myricetin, tetrahydroxyflavanone, hesperetin, sissotrin, and lupeol
Summary
Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) is an agarwood-producing genus that includes 21 species [1]. The A. malaccensis tree is geographically distributed mainly in Indomalesian rainforests, and is known for its production of agarwood resin. Scientific information on the bioactivities of A. malaccensis leaves in particular reported their ability to exhibit antimicrobial [3,5,6,7], antioxidant [3,6,8], antidiabetic [6], antiarthritic [9], hepatoprotective [10], antitrypanosomal [11], and potential anti-inflammatory [12] effects. The chemical constituents of the leaves of A. malaccensis are reportedly compounds like phenolic acids, benzophenones, xanthonoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, quinones, lignans, and fatty acids [2], in addition to hydroxyacetanilide [16].
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