Abstract
Rose hips are the fruits of the beach rose (Rosa rugosa). To determine the optimal harvest time and to obtain the maximum functional compounds, rose hips at various stages of ripeness (immature, early, mid, and late) were harvested, and the flesh tissue and seeds were separated. The rose hip flesh showed the highest total phenolic content at the mid-ripeness stage (8.45 ± 0.62 mg/g gallic acid equivalent concentration (dry weight)). The early-, mid-, and late-ripeness stages of rose hip flesh did not show significantly different 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant capacities. The elastase inhibitory activity of the 95% ethanol extract from the rose hip seeds was highest at the mid-ripeness stage; however, the elastase inhibitory activity of the rose hip tissue was not significantly different from that of the seeds. Pathway analysis using MetaboAnalyst showed that sucrose, fructose, and glucose gradually increased as the fruit ripened. Ursolic acid was detected in the seeds but not in the flesh. Of the fatty acids, linoleic acid concentrations were highest in rose hip seeds, followed by linolenic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. Fatty acids and ursolic acid might be the active compounds responsible for elastase inhibitory activity and can be utilized as a functional cosmetic material.
Highlights
The beach rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.), from which rose hip fruit is harvested, is grown on beaches and slopes in Europe, Asia, and North America [1,2]
We analyzed the changes in metabolites and elastase inhibition resulting from different rose hip maturity stages at harvest
The primary metabolite levels of rose hip flesh resulted in significantly different sugar metabolism based on the maturity stage at harvest
Summary
The beach rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.), from which rose hip fruit is harvested, is grown on beaches and slopes in Europe, Asia, and North America [1,2]. Rose hip fruits and seeds are used as traditional medicines to prevent infections and to treat colds, influenza-like infections, infectious diseases, and fever [5]. Rose hips have been studied for beauty treatments, as they are rich in vitamin C [6]. Rose hip powder from seeds and flesh affects cell senescence, skin wrinkling, and aging [11]. Rose hip powder is an important and highly effective raw material that prevents aging and promotes cell longevity [12]. Rose hip seed contains 92% unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid and linoleic acid) [13]—for which it is often used in beauty treatments—and is a potential industrial food source of vitamin E (tocopherol) [14]
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