Abstract
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a growing public health problem throughout the world and, making sense with the epigenetic causes of MetS, lifestyle change seems yet, more clinically effective than drugs. Additionally to dietary adequacy, increased physical activity (LiSM) is considered the cornerstone of recommendations for the treatment of MetS. Previously it was found that different types of physical exercises led to different responses in reducing adiposity, hypertension and hyperglycemia. Now we aim to investigate the specific effect of four different physical-exercise protocols on MetS in a defined short time intervention of 10 weeks. Methods: A sample of 302 individuals (55.5 ± 10.8 years) from both genders was taken among (2013-2016) participants of the dynamic cohort "Move for Health" LiSM program. They were evaluated at baseline and after 10 weeks of supervised intervention with protocols of hydrognastics (HYD, aerobic), High Intensity Interval Training (HIT), resistance training in gym (GYM) and mixed walking-gym (MIX, 30 min of walking 60-80% HRmax and resistance). All groups received the same basic LiSM dietary counseling. The evaluation instruments were: International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-long form-version 8); Healthy Eating Index (HEI), anthropometric, plasma biochemical analyses and physical fitness (flexibility, handgrip strength and treadmill cardiorespiratory capacity). MetS was diagnosed according to NCEP-ATP III (2005). The data were evaluated in continuous and categorized forms. Multiple comparison (moment versus protocol) was undertaken at the level of significance of 5%. Results: After 10-wk intervention, all protocols incremented the baseline fitness of VO<sub>2</sub> max; flexibility (except in the HIT); muscle strength (only in GYM and MIX) and also, the level of physical activity in MIX. There was a 16.9% reduction in MetS, from 25.4% (HYD) to 12.7%(MIX), having HIT (21.5%) and GYM (16.2%), in between. Hyperglycemia (20.6%) and hypertension (15.9%) responded positively to all protocols, while the reduction of abdominal circumference discriminated the effectiveness of MIX and HYD in reducing MetS. Conclusion: At the same duration, prescribed protocols of HYD, HIT, GYM and MIX decreased MetS in different magnitude according to the MetS-component sensitivity to each protocol.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a growing public health problem throughout the world and, making sense with the epigenetic causes of MetS, lifestyle change seems yet, more clinically effective than drugs
The sample consisted of 302 subjects (HYD: 63, High Intensity Interval Training (HIT): 43, GYM: 50, Mixed walking-strength (MIX): 146) aged 55.5 ± 10.8 years, 65% below sixties years, majorly females (88%), married (80%), 80% presenting up to elementary-school grade and living under 5 minimum wages (92%)
91% of the sample reported to be under the recommended physical activity (PA) (150 minutes per week), even though half of them (48.7%) presented MetS! The apparent conflict between data may be due to the fact that the PA was obtained through self-report, and may overestimate the PA of these individuals, in domestic PA, once the majority were "housewives" women
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a growing public health problem throughout the world and, making sense with the epigenetic causes of MetS, lifestyle change seems yet, more clinically effective than drugs. Methods: A sample of 302 individuals (55.5 ± 10.8 years) from both genders was taken among (2013-2016) participants of the dynamic cohort "Move for Health" LiSM program They were evaluated at baseline and after 10 weeks of supervised intervention with protocols of hydrognastics (HYD, aerobic), High Intensity Interval Training (HIT), resistance training in gym (GYM) and mixed walking-gym (MIX, 30 min of walking 60-80% HRmax and resistance). Results: After 10-wk intervention, all protocols incremented the baseline fitness of VO2 max; flexibility (except in the HIT); muscle strength (only in GYM and MIX) and the level of physical activity in MIX. Hyperglycemia (20.6%) and hypertension (15.9%) responded positively to all protocols, while the reduction of abdominal circumference discriminated the effectiveness of MIX and HYD in reducing MetS. Inadequate diet and physical inactivity appeared to be the primary causative factor in the pathogenesis of MetS [7] even though, dietary pattern [10] and food intake seems more related to components rather than the MetS prevalence itself [7]
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