Abstract
Background: This narrative review presents the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS), along with its components, and cognition-related disorders, as well as the potential reversal role of diet against cognitive impairment by modulating MetS. Methods: An electronic research in Medline (Pubmed) and Scopus was conducted. Results: MetS and cognitive decline share common cardiometabolic pathways as MetS components can trigger cognitive impairment. On the other side, the risk factors for both MetS and cognitive impairment can be reduced by optimizing the nutritional intake. Clinical manifestations such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes and increased central body adiposity are nutrition-related risk factors present during the prodromal period before cognitive impairment. The Mediterranean dietary pattern stands among the most discussed predominantly plant-based diets in relation to cardiometabolic disorders that may prevent dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and other cognition-related disorders. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that the consumption of specific dietary food groups as a part of the overall diet can improve cognitive outcomes, maybe due to their involvement in cardiometabolic paths. Conclusions: Early MetS detection may be helpful to prevent or delay cognitive decline. Moreover, this review highlights the importance of healthy nutritional habits to reverse such conditions and the urgency of early lifestyle interventions.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to a cluster of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders and mortality [1]
The latest data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggested that the prevalence of prediabetes or metabolic syndrome (MetS) is three times higher in US seniors compared with middle-aged adults [5], while the latest atlas generated by the International Diabetes Federation revealed that one in five adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are over 65 years old [6]
An online search in Medline (i.e., Pubmed) and Scopus was conducted and papers that matched with the following keywords were investigated so as to be included in this work: metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, cognition, cognitive impairment, nutrition, diet, food groups, nutrients, mechanisms and paths
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to a cluster of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders and mortality [1]. Considerable evidence has indicated that cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease may share similar underlying mechanisms and risk factors [7]. This narrative review presents the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS), along with its components, and cognition-related disorders, as well as the potential reversal role of diet against cognitive impairment by modulating MetS. Results: MetS and cognitive decline share common cardiometabolic pathways as MetS components can trigger cognitive impairment. The risk factors for both MetS and cognitive impairment can be reduced by optimizing the nutritional intake. The Mediterranean dietary pattern stands among the most discussed predominantly plant-based diets in relation to cardiometabolic disorders that may prevent dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and other cognition-related disorders. This review highlights the importance of healthy nutritional habits to reverse such conditions and the urgency of early lifestyle interventions
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