Abstract
BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is mutually and bidirectionally linked with metabolic syndrome (MetS) of which it is both the cause and the consequences. Worldwide, 6.3 to 33% of the general populations are estimated to suffer from the disease with even higher prevalence in the group sharing metabolic co-morbidities. Hence, this study aims to recognize various risk factors including metabolic components and blood parameters to predict the possible incidence of the disease.MethodsTotal of 429 (219 NAFLD and 210 control) subjects were conveniently selected for study during the period of 9 months. Diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was done by liver imaging and based on liver enzymes. Assessment of metabolic syndrome was done by International Diabetic Federation (IDF) and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria. All biochemical and hematological parameters and liver enzymes were estimated by using standard guideline. Mean comparison of quantitative data in different groups were performed using analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). Risk estimation of NAFLD associated with each character was verified by Chi-square test.ResultsThere was significant high levels of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and lipid profiles in NAFLD patients in comparison to control population (p < 0.001). Further, according to the NCEP ATP III criteria, 13.6% of NAFLD were present with MetS where risk estimate was significant (OR = 2.15). Whereas, other criteria (IDF) for MetS showed higher frequency (30.1%) with higher risk (OR = 29.75) for the presence of MetS in NAFLD patients. The change in triglycerides (TG) and HDL-C (high density lipoprotein cholesterol) was also statistically significant in different grades of NAFLD. High risk for NAFLD was associated with existing co-morbid conditions like cardiovascular risk patients (3.18 times) followed by obese patients (1.72 times) and Diabetes Mellitus patients (1.68 times) at a significant level.ConclusionThe result of this study suggests that there is an increased prevalence of all the components of MetS and significant changes in biochemical markers in cases of NAFLD. Timely diagnosis would help in delaying its complications and co-morbidities.
Highlights
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is mutually and bidirectionally linked with metabolic syndrome (MetS) of which it is both the cause and the consequences
54% were present in grade I, 39% with grade II and 7% were with grade III NAFLD
According to the NCEP ATP III criteria, 13.6% of NAFLD were present with MetS where risk estimate was significant (OR = 2.15)
Summary
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is mutually and bidirectionally linked with metabolic syndrome (MetS) of which it is both the cause and the consequences. Underlying metabolic risk factors for the disease progression include old age (> 50 years), sex (male> female), central obesity, insulin resistance (IR), Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), increased ferritin levels and genetic polymorphisms (patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) I148M polymorphism) [6]. NAFLD has been considered as a hepatic component of metabolic syndrome (MetS), [7] but recently an association between NAFLD and MetS in type 2 diabetes mellitus has been described but the phenomenon is very complex. NAFLD is mutually and bidirectionally linked with MetS of which it is both the cause and the consequences. NAFLD is mutually and bidirectionally linked with MetS of which it is both the cause and the consequences. [2] Tan et al [8] suggested International Diabetic Federation (IDF) criteria is applicable in an Asian population for risk assessment of MetS while Pokharel et al [9] suggests National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) to be specific for MetS in our population but not applicable
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