Abstract
Immunity and metabolism are interdependent and coordinated, which are the core mechanisms for the body to maintain homeostasis. In tumor immunology research, immunometabolism has been a research hotspot and has achieved groundbreaking changes in recent years. However, in the field of maternal-fetal medicine, research on immunometabolism is still lagging. Reports directly investigating the roles of immunometabolism in the endometrial microenvironment and regulation of maternal-fetal immune tolerance are relatively few. This review highlights the leading techniques used to study immunometabolism and their development, the immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface and their metabolic features required for the implementation of their functions, explores the interaction between immunometabolism and pregnancy regulation based on little evidence and clues, and attempts to propose some new research directions and perspectives.
Highlights
Classical reproductive immunology considers that pregnancy can be understood as a model for “allograft transplantation.” The establishment of a normal pregnancy depends on maternal immune recognition and tolerance to the embryonic alloantigens [1]
Research on immunometabolism in pregnancy is still lagging due to clinical ethics and technological developments
In most cases, researchers only focus on the most abundant cell groups found in the blood or bone marrow rather than tissue residents or recruited cells that actively participate in host defense and tissue homeostasis
Summary
Classical reproductive immunology considers that pregnancy can be understood as a model for “allograft transplantation.” The establishment of a normal pregnancy depends on maternal immune recognition and tolerance to the embryonic alloantigens [1]. Many immune cells are infiltrated in the uterus, and the success of pregnancy immunity depends to a certain extent on their crosstalk with trophoblast cells [8] Immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages (Mj), T cells and dendritic cells (DC), exhibit specific phenotypes and functions through a series of cell differentiation and participate in the regulation of reproductive processes [9]. In addition to meeting the material basis required for the growth and development of the fetus, metabolic reprogramming plays a role in regulating the immune state It establishes an “immune tolerance” microenvironment in the uterus, achieving “peaceful coexistence” between mother and fetus [10]. This review focuses on the leading techniques used to study immunometabolism and their development, summarizes the functions of immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface, and explores the potential role of immune cell metabolic reprogramming in the maternal-fetal interface to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical pregnancy-related diseases
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