Abstract
BackgroundWidely targeted metabolomics was applied to estimate the differences in the metabolite profiles of maize seeds from 3 natural genotypic varieties and 4 genetically modified (GM) lines.ResultsPairwise comparison with their isogenic controls revealed 71, 121, 43 and 95 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in GM maize seeds of C0030.2.4, C0030.3.5, C0010.1.1 and C0010.3.1, respectively. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that most of these DAMs participated in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and purine metabolism in GM maize C0030.2.4 and C0030.3.5, but participated in tryptophan metabolism and 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism in C0010.3.1 seeds and in metabolic pathways and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in C0010.1.1 seeds. The data also showed that the differences in metabolite accumulation, both total DAMs and co-DAMs, among the different natural genotypic varieties (418 DAMs and 39 co-DAMs) were greater than those caused by genetic modification (330 DAMs and 3 co-DAMs).ConclusionsNone of the DAMs were identified as new or unintended, showing only changes in abundance in the studied maize seeds. The metabolite profile differences among the 3 non-GM lines were more notable than those among GM lines. Different genetic backgrounds affect metabolite profiling more than gene modification itself.Graphic abstract
Highlights
The commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops has led to considerable economic gains and reduced environmental problems
The analyses showed that only the DEPs and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in GM maize A2 seeds were simultaneously annotated in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis (Ko00400)
Metabolite profiling of maize seeds was performed by widely targeted metabolomics to facilitate the study of alterations in metabolite accumulation regulated by transgenic modifications and/or different natural genotypic variations
Summary
The commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops has led to considerable economic gains and reduced environmental problems. Due to unintended effects, GM crops remain a focus of debate [1, 2]. (2021) 8:57 assess unintended changes in GM maize [16]. Advances in metabolite profiling technology have made it possible to comprehensively compare metabolite differences in crops affected by growth environments [9], genetic engineering and conventional cross-breeding [20,21,22,23,24]. Targeted metabolomics was applied to estimate the differences in the metabolite profiles of maize seeds from 3 natural genotypic varieties and 4 genetically modified (GM) lines
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