Abstract
Candida auris, a newly-emerging Candida species, is a serious global health threat due to its multi-drug resistant pattern, difficulty to diagnose, and the high mortality associated with its invasive and bloodstream infections. Unlike C. albicans, and C. dubliniensis which can form true hyphae, C. auris grows as yeast or pseudohyphae and is capable of developing biofilms. The reasons for the inability of C. auris to form true hyphae are currently unknown. Metabolites secreted by microorganisms, including Candida, are known as important factors in controlling morphogenesis and pathogenesis. Metabolic profiling of C. auris and C. albicans cultures was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Compared to C. albicans, C. auris secreted several hyphae-inhibiting metabolites, including phenylethyl, benzyl and isoamyl alcohols. Furthermore, a biofilm-forming metabolite—tyrosol—was identified. On the other hand, several other biomarkers identified from C. auris but not from C. albicans cultures may be produced by the organism to overcome the host immune system or control fungal adaptations, and hence ease its invasion and infections. The results from this study are considered as the first identification of C. auris metabolic activities as a step forward to understand its virulence mechanisms.
Highlights
IntroductionIn particular C. albicans, are responsible for most fungal infections in humans
Candida species, in particular C. albicans, are responsible for most fungal infections in humans. Candida species can cause superficial mucosal and skin infections, they can generate serious threats to immunocompromised patients, including fatal bloodstream candidiasis [1]
C. auris or C. albicans cultures were extracted and derivatized prior to GC-MS analysis in order to enhance the appearance of metabolic spectrum and increase the detection limits of the metabolites
Summary
In particular C. albicans, are responsible for most fungal infections in humans. Candida species can cause superficial mucosal and skin infections, they can generate serious threats to immunocompromised patients, including fatal bloodstream candidiasis [1]. C. auris was first identified in Japan on 2009 [6]. Infections due to C. auris have been reported from over a dozen countries, including United States, Canada, Colombia, Germany, India, Molecules 2019, 24, 399; doi:10.3390/molecules24030399 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that C. auris is a recent and simultaneous emergent strain in different geographical areas [8]. This yeast can be recovered from several human specimens, including sterile body fluids, ears, wounds and mucocutaneous swabs
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