Abstract
LC-ESI-MS (Liquid Chromatography coupled with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry profiling of a methanol extract from Buddleia indica (BIM) leaves revealed 12 main peaks in which verbascoside and buddlenoid B represent the major compounds. The antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of BIM were investigated using different in vitro and in vivo experimental models. BIM exhibited substantial in vitro antioxidant properties in DPPH· and HepG2 assays. Regarding CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride) induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model, oxidative stress markers became significantly ameliorated after oral administration of BIM. Lipid peroxide levels showed a 51.85% decline relative to CCl4-treated rats. Super oxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant status (TAS), and catalase (CAT) revealed a marked increase by 132.48%, 187.18%, and 114.94% relative to the CCl4 group. In a tamoxifen-induced hepatotoxicity model, BIM showed a considerable alleviation in liver stress markers manifested by a 46.06% and 40% decline in ALT (Alanine Transaminase) and AST (Aspartate Transaminase) respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were reduced by 28.57% and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level by 50%. A virtual screening of major secondary metabolites of BIM to TNF-alpha employing the C-docker protocol showed that gmelinoside H caused the most potent TNF- α inhibition as indicated from their high fitting scores. Thus, BIM exhibited a potent hepatoprotective activity owing to its richness in antioxidant metabolites.
Highlights
The liver is one of the most crucial organs within the human body, being important for functions such as protein synthesis, as well as lipid and drug metabolism [1,2]
We aimed to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of a methanol extract of Buddleia indica leaves (BIM) by both in vitro and in vivo studies
In addition an in-depth biological study was carried out both in vitro and in vivo in order to find solid evidence of the hepatoprotective activity of the plant extract. It started with the in vitro study by antioxidant determination using DDPH scavenging capacity assay as well as in vitro HepG2 cell model to in vitro assess the potential hepatoprotective activity of the plant extract as a preliminary screening to get an overview about the activity
Summary
The liver is one of the most crucial organs within the human body, being important for functions such as protein synthesis, as well as lipid and drug metabolism [1,2] Hepatic diseases such as hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cirrhosis from alcohol consumption have global relevance. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 412 suffer from xenobiotics and hepatotoxins, in addition to viral infection and medical drugs. The majority of these factors eventually result in a dramatic burst of free radicals causing oxidative stress that impairs the metabolic functions of the liver [4]. In particular plant drugs that are rich in phenolic compounds, often exhibit antioxidant and liver protective properties [5,6]
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