Metabolic Profiling and Chemical-Based Antioxidant Assays of Green and Red Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

Abstract

Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) is an important leaf vegetable crop worldwide. The total phenolic content was higher in the red skirt methanol extracts with a level of 64.9 ± 0.3 mg GA/g, and phenolic content of green skirt was 49.4 ± 0.3 mg GA/g. The total flavonoid content in the methanol extract of red skirt showed the highest concentration (291.6 ± 9.0 mg rutin/g), followed by green skirt (223 ± 9.8 mg rutin/g). The red skirt showed a higher content of anthocyanin (23.7 ± 0.8 mg/100 g) compared to the green skirt (7.4 ± 0.9 mg/100 g). Seven carotenoids i.e., lutein, β–carotene, 9 Z–β–carotene, 13 Z–β–carotene, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and α–carotene were detected in both cultivars. The polar metabolites are strongly associated with the metabolites that participate in the TCA cycle. Correlations between primary and secondary metabolites were easily achieved by gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS)-based metabolite profiling method. Red skirt methanol extract showed 77.5 ± 0.4% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity, 50.8 ± 0.8% hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay and absorbance value (0.052) reducing power assay at 250 μL/mL, having significantly higher activity than the green skirt extract. The red lettuce extract also showed higher levels of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, and it possesses more antioxidant properties compared to the green skirt extract. In this study we compared two cultivars of lettuce, red skirt and green skirt, for various nutritional parameters and to understand the association of secondary metabolites with their corresponding primary metabolites. From the overall analysis, it is confirmed that GC-TOFMS-based metabolite profiling is an appropriate method for determining biochemical reactions and also acts as a combined resource to understand primary and secondary metabolism.