Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites found in plant and fungus. They have been widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries owing to their significant biological activities, such as antiaging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. However, the traditional approaches for the production of flavonoids including chemical synthesis and plant extraction involved hazardous materials and complicated processes and also suffered from low product titer and yield. Microbial synthesis of flavonoids from renewable biomass such as glucose and xylose has been considered as a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for large-scale production of flavonoids. Recently, construction of microbial cell factories for efficient biosynthesis of flavonoids has gained much attention. In this article, we summarize the recent advances in microbial synthesis of flavonoids including flavanones, flavones, isoflavones, flavonols, flavanols, and anthocyanins. We put emphasis on developing pathway construction and optimization strategies to biosynthesize flavonoids and to improve their titer and yield. Then, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives on successful strain development for large-scale production of flavonoids in an industrial level.
Highlights
Flavonoids are a special class of naturally occurring secondary metabolites that are synthesized by plant (Pandey et al, 2016) and fungus (Correa et al, 2011)
In flavonoids biosynthetic pathways, ring A is formed from malonylCoA, and ring B is generated from 4-coumaroyl-CoA which is synthesized from phenylalanine via the shikimate pathway (Averesch and Krömer, 2018)
The enzymes involved in flavonoids biosynthetic pathway, especially cytochrome P450s and postmodification enzymes, are usually redox partner dependence and have lower enzyme activity and poor selectivity (Stahlhut et al, 2015; Delmulle et al, 2018), which greatly limited the production efficiency of flavonoids
Summary
Flavonoids are a special class of naturally occurring secondary metabolites that are synthesized by plant (Pandey et al, 2016) and fungus (Correa et al, 2011). Disruption of competing pathway and enhancement of the precursor p-coumaric acid supply enabled the host strain to produce 54.5 mg/L naringenin in shake flask experiments (Koopman et al, 2012).
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