Abstract
Flavonoids belong to a class of plant secondary metabolites that have a polyphenol structure. Flavonoids show extensive biological activity, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancer, and antibacterial properties, so they are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. However, traditional sources of flavonoids are no longer sufficient to meet current demands. In recent years, with the clarification of the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids and the development of synthetic biology, it has become possible to use synthetic metabolic engineering methods with microorganisms as hosts to produce flavonoids. This article mainly reviews the biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids and the development of microbial expression systems for the production of flavonoids in order to provide a useful reference for further research on synthetic metabolic engineering of flavonoids. Meanwhile, the application of co-culture systems in the biosynthesis of flavonoids is emphasized in this review.
Highlights
Flavonoids belong to a class of plant secondary metabolites that have a polyphenol structure
Amentoflavone and robustaflavone belong to biflavonoids connected by the C–C bond, while ochnaflavone and hinokiflavone are examples of biflavonoids connected via the C–O–C bond [54]
A molecule of p-coumaroyl CoA and three molecules of malonyl-CoA are condensed to form naringenin chalcone catalyzed by chalcones synthase (CHS), which is an initial reaction in the synthesis of flavonoid classes in the phenylpropanoid pathway [7]
Summary
Features and According to structural differences, such as the variation of the C-ring and the posiAccording to structural differences,such suchas asthe thevariation variationofofthe the. B-ring, flavonoids can becan classified into flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, anthocyanins, thocyanins, chalcone, aurones, neoflavanoids, and flavones, their dihydrogen derivatives [6,7]. B-ring, flavonoids be classified into flavonols, isoflavones, anthocyanins, chalcone, aurones, neoflavanoids, and their derivatives dihydrogen[6,7]. C-ring of aurones is a example, structural feature of chalcones andThe dihydrochalcones is is the absence of For a C-ring in the basic flavonoid skeleton structure [7]. The B-ring of other flavonoids is mainly linked due to position. The B-ring of flavones is linked in position ofof the These compounds widely found some plants encompassing celery, parsley, red peppers, chamomile, mint, and ginkgo biloba [6]. Flavanones, called dihydroflavones, areare dihydrogen derivatives of of flavones. Drokaempferol, and dihydroquercetin are examples of this class of flavonoids (Table 1)
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