Metabolic disturbance in Korean red ginseng-induced “Shanghuo” (excessive heat)

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevanceNortheast China is one of the Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) producing areas. As a health care product, KRG is popular amongst Chinese people. However, few studies have reported the side effects of overusing KRG. Aim of the studyThe main purpose of this study is to explore the mechanism of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG)-induced “Shanghuo” (excessive heat). Materials and methodsAfter the baseline characteristics were evaluated, 30 healthy volunteers were administrated with 3g of KRG for 10–16 days and diagnosed with “Shanghuo”. The volunteers prior to the administration of KRG were considered as the control group. The volunteers after being diagnosed with “Shanghuo” (excessive heat) were considered as “Shanghuo” group. The two groups were assessed by the tests of serum metabolic products, Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, and mRNA expressions of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)–activated protein kinase (AMPK), PPARG Coactivator 1 Alpha (PGC-1α) and Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NRF1). ResultsMost of the serum metabolites in the “Shanghuo” group were increased compared with the control group, from high to low including serine, valine, heptacosane, xylose, glycerol 1-monostearate, d-glucose, 3-pyridinol, glyceryl palmitate, urea, phosphoric acid, glycerol, stearic acid, palmitic acid, cyclohexaneacetic acid. Only cholesterol was significantly reduced, The SDH activity and the mRNA expressions of AMPK, PGC-1α and NRF1 were significantly increased in the “Shanghuo” group. ConclusionsOverconsumption of KRG could induce “Shanghuo”, which has a close relationship with an accelerated TCA cycle and the increased AMPK activity.