Abstract
Metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, are world-wide health problems. The prevalence of metabolic diseases is associated with dynamic changes in dietary macronutrient intake during the past decades. Based on national statistics and from a public health viewpoint, traditional approaches, such as diet and physical activity, have been unsuccessful in decreasing the prevalence of metabolic diseases. Since the approaches strongly rely on individual’s behavior and motivation, novel science-based strategies should be considered for prevention and therapy for the diseases. Metabolism and immune system are linked. Both overnutrition and infection result in inflammation through nutrient and pathogen sensing systems which recognize compounds with structural similarities. Dietary macronutrients (fats and sugars) can induce inflammation through activation of an innate immune receptor, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Long-term intake of diets high in fats and meats appear to induce chronic systemic low-grade inflammation, endotoxicity, and metabolic diseases. Recent investigations support the idea of the involvement of intestinal bacteria in host metabolism and preventative and therapeutic potentials of probiotic and prebiotic interventions for metabolic diseases. Specific intestinal bacteria seem to serve as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sources through LPS and/or bacterial translocation into the circulation due to a vulnerable microbial barrier and increased intestinal permeability and to play a role in systemic inflammation and progression of metabolic diseases. This review focuses on mechanistic links between metabolic diseases (mainly obesity and type 2 diabetes), chronic systemic low-grade inflammation, intestinal environment, and nutrition and prospective views of probiotic and prebiotic interventions for the diseases.
Highlights
Obesity and overweight are world-wide health problems afflicting various populations, regardless of age, gender, and ethnicity
Obesity and overweight are abnormal conditions with excess fat accumulation, and are often determined by body mass index (BMI); BMI ≥25 is overweight while BMI ≥ 30 is obesity
Optimum nutrition includes long-term intake of diets rich in unrefined carbohydrates, while overnutrition refers to longterm intake of diets high in fats/meat and refined carbohydrates
Summary
Obesity and overweight are world-wide health problems afflicting various populations, regardless of age, gender, and ethnicity. Investigation of probiotics (e.g., Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria) and prebiotics (e.g., inulin, oligofructose) have lead to the suggestion that these supplements could have preventative and therapeutic potentials for immune diseases, exhibiting bacteria-specific immunomodulatory properties [71,80,81,82] Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium animalis, can survive and grow at 20-40% of the estimated survival rate in the GI tracts after their oral administration and increase their population in the intestines [83,84,85]. CLA-induced adverse effects, such as increased insulin resistance and inflammation, have been observed mainly by use of single purified CLA isomer (in particular the trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer) through NF-кB p50/p65 activation [93,94,95], while CLA producing Lactobacillus species (e.g., L. casei, L. plantarum) exhibited anti- inflammatory effects along with increased PPARγ expression [92]. Clinical trials of pro-/prebiotic intervention are needed, as the speculation is attributed to mainly results from animal studies
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
