Abstract
Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë; Elaeagnaceae) berries are widely consumed in traditional folk medicines, nutraceuticals, and as a source of food. The growing demand of sea buckthorn berries and morphological similarity of Hippophaë species leads to confusions, which might cause misidentification of plants used in natural products. Detailed information and comparison of the complete set of metabolites of different Hippophaë species are critical for their objective identification and quality control. Herein, the variation among seven species and seven subspecies of Hippophaë was studied using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) metabolomics combined with multivariate data analysis, and the important metabolites were quantified by quantitative 1H NMR (qNMR) method. The results showed that different Hippophaë species can be clearly discriminated and the important interspecific discriminators, including organic acids, L-quebrachitol, and carbohydrates were identified. Statistical differences were found among most of the Hippophaë species and subspecies at the content levels of the aforementioned interspecific discriminators via qNMR and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. These findings demonstrated that 1H NMR-based metabolomics is an applicable and effective approach for simultaneous metabolic profiling, species differentiation and quality assessment.
Highlights
Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë), from the Elaeagnaceae family, is a wild or cultivated shrub and mainly distributed in cold arid regions throughout Europe and Asia[1, 2]
1H NMR based metabolomics combined with multivariate data analysis has recently demonstrated its suitability for metabolomics studies for the discrimination, authentication, and quality assessment of food, crops and herbal medicines[28,29,30,31,32]
The aromatic region in 1H NMR spectra of all investigated species showed lower signal intensities, the differences of signal intensities still have been revealed by expanding the spectra (Fig. 1), for example, H. rhamnoides ssp. wolongensis and H. goniocarpa displayed higher intensities of phenolic compounds
Summary
Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë), from the Elaeagnaceae family, is a wild or cultivated shrub and mainly distributed in cold arid regions throughout Europe and Asia[1, 2]. Compared with the two chromatographic techniques, 1H NMR based metabolomics is considered as the most promising analytical tool because the method allows simultaneously detection of primary and secondary metabolites in a single run, and produces a non-biased abundant metabolic profile. This method can be used to analyze various classes of chemical constituents both qualitatively and quantitatively, with simple sample preparation steps and good reproducibility[27]. The present study aims to discriminate sea buckthorn berry samples from all seven species and seven subspecies of Hippophaë native to China, identify and quantify the potential discriminating metabolites by using 1H NMR based metabolomics. 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis will serve as a useful method for comparison and quality evaluation of sea buckthorn berries from different Hippophaë species both accurately and reliably
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