Abstract
This meta-analysis aims to assess the effectiveness of virtual reality cognitive training (VRCT) and conventional computer-based cognitive training (CBCT) in five specific cognitive domains (i.e., global cognitive function (GCF), memory (Mem), executive function (EF), language (Lang) and visuospatial skills (VS)) of individuals with mild cognitive impairment. A total of 320 studies were yielded from five electronic databases. Eighteen randomized controlled trials met the PRISMA criteria, with 10 related to VRCT and 8 related to CBCT. A random-effect model was used in determining the main effect of cognitive training in five specific cognitive domains. VRCT provided the largest effect size on VS and Lang while the smallest on EF. CBCT provided the largest effect size on Mem and Lang while the smallest on EF. VRCT and CBCT generate an opposite effect on VS. VRCT outweighs CBCT in treatment effectiveness of GCF, EF, Lang and VS. More immersive and interactive experiences in VRCT may help individuals with MCI better engage in real-life experiences, which supports skill generalization and reduces external distractions. CBCT tends to improve Mem but no definite conclusions can be made. Further investigation with more stringent research design and specific protocol are required to reach consensus about the optimum intervention regime.
Highlights
According to the World Health Organization, approximately 50 million people are affected by dementia globally, and the number is projected to triple to 131 million in 2050 [1,2]
PRISMA guidelines, eighteen studies met the criteria, with ten studies related to virtual reality cognitive training (VRCT) and eight studies related to computer-based cognitive training (CBCT)
A more immersive environment in VRCT may indicate better impact in improving different cognitive domains, while CBCT tends to be more beneficial in improving Mem (CBCT: d = 0.39, CI = 0.05 to 0.73; VRCT: d = 0.35, CI = 0.03 to 0.66)
Summary
According to the World Health Organization, approximately 50 million people are affected by dementia globally, and the number is projected to triple to 131 million in 2050 [1,2]. If cognitive intervention is absent, individuals with MCI may not maintain current cognitive abilities and spiral down into full-fledged demented conditions. It is important to identify effective cognitive trainings [5]. Technological advancement and enhanced education level of aging population demand more effective and evidence-based cognitive trainings. Besides conventional computer-based cognitive training (CBCT), immersive virtual reality cognitive training (VRCT) has been gaining popularity over the last decade [6]. Previous studies have suggested that implementation of CBCT and VRCT among individuals with MCI may lower the risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia [5,7]
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