Abstract
A database was constructed consisting of 45,923 Salmonella pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. The patterns, randomly selected from all submissions to CDC PulseNet during 2005 to 2010, included the 20 most frequent serotypes and 12 less frequent serotypes. Meta-analysis was applied to all of the PFGE patterns in the database. In the range of 20 to 1100 kb, serotype Enteritidis averaged the fewest bands at 12 bands and Paratyphi A the most with 19, with most serotypes in the 13−15 range among the 32 serptypes. The 10 most frequent bands for each of the 32 serotypes were sorted and distinguished, and the results were in concordance with those from distance matrix and two-way hierarchical cluster analyses of the patterns in the database. The hierarchical cluster analysis divided the 32 serotypes into three major groups according to dissimilarity measures, and revealed for the first time the similarities among the PFGE patterns of serotype Saintpaul to serotypes Typhimurium, Typhimurium var. 5-, and I 4,[5],12:i:-; of serotype Hadar to serotype Infantis; and of serotype Muenchen to serotype Newport. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the pattern similarities/dissimilarities determined the serotype discrimination of PFGE method, and that the possible PFGE markers may have utility for serotype identification. The presence of distinct, serotype specific patterns may provide useful information to aid in the distribution of serotypes in the population and potentially reduce the need for laborious analyses, such as traditional serotyping.
Highlights
Foodborne diseases are an important public health burden in the United States
Our research group has applied this database on developing a system for rapid prediction of Salmonella serotypes based on the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) fingerprints [28,32]
PFGE has been applied extensively in the epidemiological investigation and surveillance of Salmonella for the last two decades, only a few systematic investigations have been pursued on the phylogenetic relationships among PFGE patterns and Salmonella serotypes [6,28,32234]
Summary
In 2011 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that each year roughly 1 in 6 Americans (or 48 million people) gets sick, 128,000 are hospitalized, and 3,000 die due to foodborne illnesses, and nontyphoidal Salmonella is one of the leading causes among the 31 known foodborne pathogens [1]. The incidence of Salmonella infections has changed considerably over time, including changes in the frequency of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella subtypes and the frequency of different serotypes among isolates associated with human infections [2]. Enterica, which causes more than 99% of Salmonella infections in humans [2]. Contaminated foods have been identified as the primary sources of human Salmonella infections [1]. To efficiently detect and prevent human salmonellosis, the development of rapid and sensitive Salmonella subtyping methods is of significant importance
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