Mesozooplankton composition and distribution in İzmir Bay, Aegean Sea: With special emphasis on copepods

Abstract

Mesozooplankton are a diverse group of heterotrophic organisms and an important component of the food web in transferring energy to higher trophic levels. Studies on mesozooplankton composition and distribution in İzmir Bay, Aegean Sea, are scarce and they included mostly the data from early 2000s. The present study provides updated information on the status of this important component of the bay. Mesozooplankton composition and distribution were studied in June and November 2017, February and April 2018 from eight stations situated along a transit from inner to the outer region in İzmir Bay, Aegean Sea. Samples were collected vertically by using WP2 net with 200μm mesh size. The total mesozooplankton abundance varied from 708 ind. m−3 in June to 42045 ind. m−3 in April. The high abundance of polychaeta larvae, cirriped nauplii, copepods and appendicularians were observed in the inner region, while the abundance of echinoderm larvae, chaetognaths, siphonophores and pteropods were high in the central and outer regions. The contribution of copepod to the total mesozooplankton abundance was the highest (≥ 56 %) in February in all regions. The lowest contributions were in November (32 %) in the inner region and in June in the central (27 %) and the outer (29 %) regions. A total of 38 copepod species were identified during the study period. Acartia clausi successively dominated the copepod community in February and April. Oithona nana was the most abundant oithonid in February and April, while O. davisae in November. O. similis, Paracalanus parvus, Oncaea media group, Temora stylifera and Centropages typicus were abundant in the central and outer regions of the bay. Four new species, Parvocalanus crassirostris, Pseudodiaptomus marinus, Centropages ponticus and Oithona tenuis were detected for the first time in the bay. The reported abundance of C. ponticus, P. crassirostris and P. marinus, together with their spatial and temporal occurrence in the present study, indicate that these species have already settled in İzmir Bay. Results indicate that the mesozooplankton distribution and composition were associated mostly with salinity and depth rather than temperature in group and species level. Substantial changes in the copepod species composition have been observed over decades in İzmir Bay. The number and abundance of smaller and egg-sac carrying non-indigenous species appear to be increasing over time in the bay.