Abstract
Mesoscale drag modeling is the critical issue for the simulation of gas–solid two-phase flows. This article reviews the physical origin of the drag force and the development of mesoscale drag models, in particular, the filtered and Energy-Minimization Multi-Scale (EMMS) drag models. The drag markers are classified into the macroscale and mesoscale markers, the latter of which includes the subgrid markers and coarse-grid markers. Most of the drag modeling were focused on identifying the mesoscale drag markers, and then bridging between the subgrid and coarse-grid markers. However, owing to the lack of scale separation, both the filtered and EMMS drag models should be viewed as being specific to their macroscale conditions. The macro–meso and micro–meso correlations deserve more research efforts in the hope that we could finally find out a general-purpose drag.
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