Abstract
Due to the theragnostic potential of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), these were extensively investigated as a novel approach to improve clinical outcomes. Boasting an impressive array of formulations and modifications, MSNs demonstrate significant in vivo efficacy when used to identify or treat myriad malignant diseases in preclinical models. As MSNs continue transitioning into clinical trials, a thorough understanding of the characteristics of effective MSNs is necessary. This review highlights recent discoveries and advances in MSN understanding and technology. Specific focus is given to cancer theragnostic approaches using MSNs. Characteristics of MSNs such as size, shape, and surface properties are discussed in relation to effective nanomedicine practice and projected clinical efficacy. Additionally, tumor-targeting options used with MSNs are presented with extensive discussion on active-targeting molecules. Methods for decreasing MSN toxicity, improving site-specific delivery, and controlling release of loaded molecules are further explained. Challenges facing the field and translation to clinical environments are presented alongside potential avenues for continuing investigations.
Highlights
While many reaction pathways might be used [7,8], mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are primarily synthesized through sol–gel reactions [9,10,11,12]
The nature of passive targeting by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in humans must be better understood to ensure a greater clinical effect of NP
This is especially crucial for enhancing the translation of nanomedicines from preclinical models to human patients
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, x protect the nontarget tissues—in the host environment—from loaded molecules, while simultaneously protecting the loaded molecules from the environment This two-way shielding provided by MSNs allows for in vivo delivery of small molecules that, alone, would be clinically ineffective as a result of their high hydrophobicity or toxicity [3]. Many different gatekeeper molecules can be employed to the encapsulated molecules loaded into MSN pores These gatekeeper molecules can be chosen or designed to respond to disease-specific stimuli, controlling the release of loaded molecules and limiting off-target delivery [4]. If unmodified MSNs were administered with or without gatekeepers, MSN surfaces could be effectively modified to target them to selected tissues or sites of disease. Future directions for the field are briefly analyzed, relative to enhancing clinical translation
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