Abstract
Human urine is universal unused waste material that is regularly disposed of by the human body. We, for the first time, presented an economically beneficial, sustainable, and novel route to synthesize mesoporous human urine carbon (HUC)-containing heteroatoms, i.e., C, Na, Cl, N, S, and P, using a human urine waste. The as-synthesized HUC were envisaged for their structural elucidation, morphology evolution, crystal structure, functional bonding, and elemental composition analyses through various sophisticated technologies. The HUC catalyst had a moderately crystalline nature due to the graphitic phase of carbon with a particle size of 20–50 nm, which was successfully used to synthesizing chromenes, 1,8-di-oxo-octahydroxanthenes, and benzypyrazolylcoumarin and biscoumarin derivatives through a one-pot multicomponent reaction with 20 mg of catalyst in EtOH/H2O solvent. This eco-friendly and simple method offers numerous advantages such as easy purification, clean reaction, and excellent yield for organic synthesis. The HUC catalyst can be recycled ten times and reused multiple times after activation without affecting catalytic performance.
Highlights
Carbonaceous materials are important metal-free heterogeneous catalysts of a broad range of research and industrial applications in the branch of organic chemistry [1,2]
We report the first sustainable strategy for the synthesis of a carbon nanocatalyst for catalytic applications exploiting the extraordinary properties of carbon-based materials to catalyze important multicomponent organic reactions to producing a valuable heterocyclic compound with high yield and excellent purity
To expand the scope of this method and the human urine carbon (HUC) catalyst product, we reported the synthesis of benzylpyrazolylcoumarin and bis-coumarin derivatives (Schemes 3 and 4) by the reaction of
Summary
Carbonaceous materials are important metal-free heterogeneous catalysts of a broad range of research and industrial applications in the branch of organic chemistry [1,2]. As far as we know, most of the carbon-based catalysts described are obtained using environmentally-harmful methods, such as the use of concentrated sulfuric acid, fuming nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, potassium chlorate, etc., generating a large amount of acidic water and waste gas [12,13,14]. In line with this is the continuation of our interest in the synthesis of carbon-based materials from abundantly available biogenic materials [15]
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