Abstract
Propagation of primary and secondary cosmic rays in the atmosphere is calculated analytically. Two different cases of primary-cosmic-ray composition are used: the first case assumes a mixed composition of very heavy, heavy, middle, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ nuclei and nucleons; the second case considers only nucleons in the primary-cosmic-ray flux. The mechanism of multiple meson production is formulated according to the wounded-nucleon model for a nucleus-nucleus interaction and the scaling model for a nucleon-nucleon interaction. The mechanism of nuclear fragmentation is formulated according to experimental values of the fragmentation parameters at low energy. The calculated results of the electromagnetic flux are compared with the results of mountain experiments with a large-scale emulsion chamber and experimental data at airplane altitudes. From these comparisons the model with heavy nuclei gives the best fit.
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