Abstract
Modulation of lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes/cathodes with three-dimensional (3D) topographical hierarchy ridges, surface interfaces, and vortices promotes the power tendency of LIBs in terms of high-energy density and power density. Large-scale meso-geodesics offer a diverse range of spatial LIB models along the geodetically shaped downward/upward curvature, leading to open-ended movement gate options, and diffusible space orientations. Along with the primary 3D super-scalable hierarchy, the formation of structural features of building block egress/ingress, curvature cargo-like sphere vehicles, irregularly located serrated cuticles with abundant V-undulated rigidness, feathery tube pipe conifers, and a band of dagger-shaped needle sticks on anode/cathode electrode surfaces provides high performance LIB modules. The geodetically-shaped anode/cathode design enables the uniqueness of all LIB module configurations in terms of powerful lithium ion (Li+) movement revolving in out-/in- and up-/downward diffusion regimes and in hovering electron density for high-speed discharge rates. The stability of built-in anode//cathode full-scale LIB-model meso-geodesics affords an outstanding long-term cycling performance. The full-cell LIB meso-geodesics offered 91.5% retention of the first discharge capacity of 165.8 mAhg−1 after 2000 cycles, Coulombic efficiency of ~99.6% at the rate of 1 C and room temperature, and high specific energy density of ≈119 Wh kg−1. This LIB meso-geodesic module configuration may align perfectly with the requirements of the energy density limit mandatory for long-term EV driving range and the scale-up commercial manufactures.
Highlights
In the last decade, extensive studies have been devoted develop the geometric and characteristic features of rechargeable lithium-ion battery (LIB) as clean environmentally and sustainable energy[1]
A control engineering of anode/cathode meso-geodesic hollowness structures that fabricated with multifunctional surface interfaces included irregular ripples, bumps, and undulations and anticlines is key components in unique configuration of LIB modules
As the primary half- and full-cell LIBs designated with positive LFPO@C-cathode// negative PHV@C anode, the structural building blocks of both cathode/anode surfaces with egress/ingress channels, downward/upward curvature cargo-like sphere vehicles, irregularly located serrated cuticles, abundant V-undulated rigidness, feathery tube pipe conifers, and a band of dagger-shaped needle sticks offer open-ended electron/Li+-ion movement options, and retention of diffusion orientations during charge/discharge cycles
Summary
Extensive studies have been devoted develop the geometric and characteristic features of rechargeable LIBs as clean environmentally and sustainable energy[1]. To control the geometric LIB electrode designs, hybrid materials based on LiMPO4/olivine isostructures (where M is a transition metal, such as Mn, Fe, Co, or Ni) were introduced as basis for the next-generation Li+-ion secondary battery cathodes[3,11,12] Among these structures, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4; LFPO) compounds with a regular olefin structure have assumed the leading materials to be used as efficient electrode fabrication due to their multiple features, such as good structural stability, high thermal safety, abundance of raw materials, intrinsic safety, low toxicity, eco-friendliness, high specific capacity, excellent cycle stability, and cost effectiveness[12,13,14,15]. The geodetically-shaped anode/cathode design enables retention of multidiffusive systems, electron/ion flow gradients, and channel gates after multiple cycles This full-scale LIB meso-geodesic module with outstanding energy density, safety characteristics, and cycling durability is promising for the requirements needed to improve the driving range of EVs and the scale-up commercial manufactures
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