Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are currently one of the most extensively researched fields due to their promising opportunity for use in regenerative medicine. There are many sources of MSCs, of which cells of perinatal origin appear to be an invaluable pool. Compared to embryonic stem cells, they are devoid of ethical conflicts because they are derived from tissues surrounding the fetus and can be safely recovered from medical waste after delivery. Additionally, perinatal MSCs exhibit better self-renewal and differentiation properties than those derived from adult tissues. It is important to consider the anatomy of perinatal tissues and the general description of MSCs, including their isolation, differentiation, and characterization of different types of perinatal MSCs from both animals and humans (placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid). Ultimately, signaling pathways are essential to consider regarding the clinical applications of MSCs. It is important to consider the origin of these cells, referring to the anatomical structure of the organs of origin, when describing the general and specific characteristics of the different types of MSCs as well as the pathways involved in differentiation.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can be isolated from any vascularized tissue, and studies have indicated that pericytes may be the source, as the gene expression profile of adipose tissue pericytes is remarkably similar to that of adipose tissue stem cells [95,96]
A recent study showed that there was a comparatively high expression of stemness markers of cells isolated from ovarian follicles, the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity in elderly patients was inferior to young ones [122]
Silini et al have proposed the systematized nomenclature and classification of human perinatal tissues and cells. According to their definition, based on their location, the following human perinatal MSCs could be distinguished: human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stromal cells, human placental amniotic membrane mesenchymal stromal cells, human reflected amniotic membrane mesenchymal stromal cells, human chorionic mesenchymal stromal cells, human chorionic plate mesenchymal stromal cells, human chorionic plate mesenchymal stromal cells derived from blood vessels, human chorionic villi mesenchymal stromal cells, human chorion leave mesenchymal stromal cells
Summary
MSCs can be isolated from any vascularized tissue, and studies have indicated that pericytes (perivascular cells) may be the source, as the gene expression profile of adipose tissue pericytes is remarkably similar to that of adipose tissue stem cells [95,96]. MSCs extracted from the basal layer of the epidermis and hair follicles have been shown to promote skin healing, new blood vessel formation, and endothelial transformation The mechanisms of these processes are not entirely clear [108]. A recent study showed that there was a comparatively high expression of stemness markers of cells isolated from ovarian follicles, the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity in elderly patients was inferior to young ones [122]. They show higher plasticity and proliferation capacity than adult MSCs [123] They differ from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in that they express pluripotent markers and have active telomerase, but at a much lower level than ESCs [123]. Phenotypic characteristics, as well as the degree and efficiency of differentiation of the cells studied, should be used to demonstrate their pluripotent abilities
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