Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines can effectively be used for tumor immunotherapy, affecting every step of the tumor immunity cycle. Thereby, they can restore antigen priming, improve the effector immune cell frequencies in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and eventually strengthen their cytolytic function. A renewed interest in the anticancer competencies of cytokines has resulted in a substantial promotion in the number of trials to address the safety and efficacy of cytokine-based therapeutic options. However, low response rate along with the high toxicity associated with high-dose cytokine for reaching desired therapeutic outcomes negatively affect their clinical utility. Recently, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) due to their pronounced tropism to tumors and also lower immunogenicity have become a promising vehicle for cytokine delivery for human malignancies. MSC-based delivery of the cytokine can lead to the more effective immune cell-induced antitumor response and provide sustained release of target cytokines, as widely evidenced in a myriad of xenograft models. In the current review, we offer a summary of the novel trends in cytokine immunotherapy using MSCs as a potent and encouraging carrier for antitumor cytokines, focusing on the last two decades' animal reports.
Highlights
Cytokines as a family of molecular messengers support the communications between immune cells to establish a harmonized, strong, while self-limited reaction to a target antigen [1,2,3]
Mueller et al found that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) with lentiviral tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression (MSC-TRAIL) abrogated the proliferation of TRAIL-resistant colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells in a murine model possibly mediated by prolonged exposure to TRAIL [115]
The MSC-based gene delivery is recently introduced as an encouraging therapeutic approach to tumor therapy, including solid tumors and hematological malignancies [138]
Summary
Pro-inflammatory cytokines can effectively be used for tumor immunotherapy, affecting every step of the tumor immunity cycle. Thereby, they can restore antigen priming, improve the effector immune cell frequencies in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and eventually strengthen their cytolytic function. MSC-based delivery of the cytokine can lead to the more effective immune cell-induced antitumor response and provide sustained release of target cytokines, as widely evidenced in a myriad of xenograft models. We offer a summary of the novel trends in cytokine immunotherapy using MSCs as a potent and encouraging carrier for antitumor cytokines, focusing on the last two decades’ animal reports
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