Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that serve as mediators for cell-to-cell communication. With their unique nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids cargo compositions that reflect the characteristics of producer cells, exosomes can be utilized as cell-free therapeutics. Among exosomes derived from various cellular origins, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) have gained great attention due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative functions. Indeed, many studies have shown anti-inflammatory, anti-aging and wound healing effects of MSC-exosomes in various in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, recent advances in the field of exosome biology have enabled development of specific guidelines and quality control methods, which will ultimately lead to clinical application of exosomes. This review highlights recent studies that investigate therapeutic potential of MSC-exosomes and relevant mode of actions for skin diseases, as well as quality control measures required for development of exosome-derived therapeutics.
Highlights
The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes goes back to the 1940s, and these tiny vesicles were ignored as cellular garbage bins for a long time [1,2,3]
It was found that human menstrual blood derived Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) (MenSCs)-exosomes induced macrophage M2 polarization, which was confirmed by the increased arginase 1 (ARG1)/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) ratio, which led to the alleviation of inflammation in the diabetic cutaneous wound [89]
senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) contributes to inflammaging, a term coined by Franceschi et al in 2000, which describes low-grade, controlled, asymptomatic, chronic, and systemic inflammation associated with aging processes [173]
Summary
The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes goes back to the 1940s, and these tiny vesicles were ignored as cellular garbage bins for a long time [1,2,3]. They only began to draw significant attention around the mid-2000s after re-discovery of exosomes as messengers for cell-to-cell communications [1,4,5,6]. Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by almost all eukaryotic cells [11]. Their size ranges from 30 nM to 200 nM. MSC-exosomes have been applied as alternatives to MSCs for new cell-free therapeutic strategies in a variety of disease models including neurological, cardiovascular, immune, renal, musculoskeletal, liver, respiratory, eye, and skin diseases, as well as cancers [15,17,19,21,22]
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