Abstract
Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSC) have proven to offer great promise for cell-based therapies and tissue engineering applications, as these cells are capable of extensive self-renewal and display a multilineage differentiation potential. Furthermore, MSC were shown to exhibit immunomodulatory properties and display supportive functions through parakrine effects. Besides bone marrow (BM), still today the most common source of MSC, these cells were found to be present in a variety of postnatal and extraembryonic tissues and organs as well as in a large variety of fetal tissues. Over the last decade, the human umbilical cord and human amnion have been found to be a rich and valuable source of MSC that is bio-equivalent to BM-MSC. Since these tissues are discarded after birth, the cells are easily accessible without ethical concerns.
Highlights
Immunofluorescence staining of amniotic membrane did not reveal SSEA-3 and SSEA-4 [59], surface expression of these markers on hAMSC is reported by several groups [4,6,11,18,19,58±60]
These results demonstrate the demand for further investigations concerning umbilical cord (UC)-Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSC) from different UC-compartments and MSC sub-populations and raise the question whether the proposed minimal criteria are still sufficiently defined to identify
Tsuji et al [58] found surviving hAMSC transdifferentiated towards the cardiomyogenic lineage at least 4 weeks after implantation into rat infracted myocardium, they provide an in vivo study on the immunomodulation [58]. They found that retreatment of hAMSC with the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased the level of HLA-G expressed on hAMSC, which may play a role in initial processes of tolerance
Summary
Mesenchymal cells derived from amniotic membrane have been referred to in various ways by different research groups, including human amnion/amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSC[s]), amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells (AM-MSC), amniotic membrane-human mesenchymal stromal cells (AM-hMSC), amnion-derived MSC, amniotic mesenchymal fibroblasts, human amnion stromal cells (hASC), human amniotic mesenchymal tissue cells (AMTC), human amniotic mesenchymal cells (HAMc), mesenchymal cells derived from human amniotic membrane (MC-HAM), human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMs), human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal cells (hAMCs or hAM-MSC) and human amnion-derived fibroblast-like cells (HADFIL) [1±25]. Immunofluorescence staining of amniotic membrane did not reveal SSEA-3 and SSEA-4 [59], surface expression of these markers on hAMSC is reported by several groups [4,6,11,18,19,58±60]. Isolated UC-derived MSC are mainly fibroblast-like spindle-shaped cells. When cells isolated from the :KDUWRQ¶V -HOO\ were compared to UC arterial- and venous-derived cells significant differences could be observed with regard to proliferative and osteogenic differentiation potential [63]. These results demonstrate the demand for further investigations concerning UC-MSC from different UC-compartments and MSC sub-populations and raise the question whether the proposed minimal criteria are still sufficiently defined to identify. GD2+ cells that exhibit a high clonogenicity as well as proliferation capacity and a significantly stronger multi-differentiation potential than GD2í cells, indicating GD2 to be a potential marker useful for the isolation of multipotent MSC from UC-tissue [80]
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