Abstract
MSC display potent suppressive properties initially described a decade ago. More recently, MSC suppressive activities on T-cell effector pathways have been investigated. MSC modulate CD4 differentiation through different mechanisms depending on culture conditions and display disparate activities on T cells according to their differentiation status. A significant amount of evidence for MSC effects on Th17 cells revealed that MSC could be suppressive under diverse circumstances but also enhance Th17 cell activity under other conditions. In the present study, we investigated the suppressive effects of MSC on Th1 and Th17 subsets of T cells using T cells undergoing Th1 and Th17 polarization or mature Th1 and Th17 cells. MSC inhibited the proliferation of T cells during their differentiation toward Th1 cells and mature Th1 cells. This suppressive effect was maintained in a transwell cell culture insert demonstrating the major role played by soluble factors. Using the transwell cell separation barrier, we observed that MSC decrease the number of T cells undergoing Th17 differentiation whereas they did not affect IL-17 production by mature Th17, demonstrating the need for cell contact for suppressing Th17 cell function. Moreover, we reported that PD-L1 is highly expressed on MSC co-cultured with differentiating or polarized Th1 and Th17 cells. Using neutralizing antibodies specific for PD-L1 and PD-1 we showed that the mechanisms by which MSC mediate Th17 cell repolarization depend on PD-L1 expression on MSC. Taken together our results demonstrated a cell-to-cell contact depend mechanism in the selective immunosuppression of MSC on mature Th17 cells through up-regulation of PD-L1.
Highlights
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are progenitor cells essentially isolated from bone marrow or adipose tissue [1]
While this suppression mediated by MSC was observed on mature Th17 cells at the MSC:T cell ratio of 1:10, mature Th17 cell proliferation as well as their IL-17 production capacity were not affected at the ratio 1:100 (Fig. 1G and 1H)
These results suggested that MSC exert a stronger immunosuppressive effect on the Th1 lineage compared to the Th17 cell subset
Summary
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are progenitor cells essentially isolated from bone marrow or adipose tissue [1] Besides their capacity to differentiate into various cell lineages such as chondrocytes, osteoblasts or adipocytes, MSC display potent T-cell suppressive properties initially described a decade ago both in vitro and in vivo [2,3,4]. The mechanisms by which MSC exert their immunosuppressive effect are beginning to be elucidated underlying substantial differences in immune biology between mouse and human MSC. Both cell-tocell contact and secretion of soluble factors have been proposed. MSC suppressive properties are mediated through the action of these latter factors and result in the inhibition of the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B lymphocytes, NK cells that has been mainly described in vitro and in vivo in a number of experimental models [8,10,11,12,13]
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