Abstract
During bone modeling, remodeling, and bone fracture repair, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate into chondrocyte or osteoblast to comply bone formation and regeneration. As multipotent stem cells, MSCs were used to treat bone diseases during the past several decades. However, most of these implications just focused on promoting MSC differentiation. Furthermore, cell migration is also a key issue for bone formation and bone diseases treatment. Abnormal MSC migration could cause different kinds of bone diseases, including osteoporosis. Additionally, for bone disease treatment, the migration of endogenous or exogenous MSCs to bone injury sites is required. Recently, researchers have paid more and more attention to two critical points. One is how to apply MSC migration to bone disease therapy. The other is how to enhance MSC migration to improve the therapeutic efficacy of bone diseases. Some considerable outcomes showed that enhancing MSC migration might be a novel trick for reversing bone loss and other bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, fracture, and osteoarthritis (OA). Although plenty of challenges need to be conquered, application of endogenous and exogenous MSC migration and developing different strategies to improve therapeutic efficacy through enhancing MSC migration to target tissue might be the trend in the future for bone disease treatment.
Highlights
Bone is a highly organized, dynamic, and vascularized connective tissue
Ozasa et al found that artificially controlled direction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) migration and osteoblast alignment could reconstruct the microstructure of bone tissue, which led to appropriated bone formation during bone remodeling and regeneration [4]
For bone formation during bone modeling, remodeling and bone fracture repair, MSCs are the source of osteogenic cells
Summary
Bone is a highly organized, dynamic, and vascularized connective tissue. The function of bone tissue is affected by many factors, such as hormones, growth factors, and mechanical loading. The microstructure of bone tissue is the orientation distribution and alignment of the density of biological apatite (BAp) crystallites. It is determined by the directional behaviors of bone cells, for example cell migration and cell arrangement [3]. Ozasa et al found that artificially controlled direction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) migration and osteoblast alignment could reconstruct the microstructure of bone tissue, which led to appropriated bone formation during bone remodeling and regeneration [4]. Bone formation is important for bone health maintenance It is conducted by MSC-derived osteogenic cells during bone modeling, remodeling, and fractured bone regeneration [5]. This review will provide a deeper understanding of MSC migration in vitro and in vivo and give guidance for the future research on bone formation and bone regeneration
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