Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multilineage cells with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into a variety of cell types, which play key roles in tissue healing and regenerative medicine. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are the most frequently used stem cells in cell therapy and tissue engineering. However, it is prerequisite for BMSCs to mobilize from bone marrow and migrate into injured tissues during the healing process, through peripheral circulation. The migration of BMSCs is regulated by mechanical and chemical factors in this trafficking process. In this paper, we review the effects of several main regulatory factors on BMSC migration and its underlying mechanism; discuss two critical roles of BMSCs—namely, directed differentiation and the paracrine function—in tissue repair; and provide insight into the relationship between BMSC migration and tissue repair, which may provide a better guide for clinical applications in tissue repair through the efficient regulation of BMSC migration.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an important source for cell therapy in regenerative medicine
MSCs have a homing ability, meaning that they can migrate into injured sites, and they possess the capacity to differentiate into local components of injured sites and the ability to secrete chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors that help in tissue regeneration [7,8,9,10]
Cheng et al showed that overexpression of surface CXCR4 increased the engraftment of Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in infarcted myocardium and improved cardiac performance [40]. These results suggest that the Stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 axis plays an important role in the regulation of the migration of BMSCs
Summary
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an important source for cell therapy in regenerative medicine. MSCs have a homing ability, meaning that they can migrate into injured sites, and they possess the capacity to differentiate into local components of injured sites and the ability to secrete chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors that help in tissue regeneration [7,8,9,10]. The trafficking of BMSCs from their niche to target tissues is a complex process This delivery process is affected by both chemical factors (such as chemokines, cytokines, growth factors) and mechanical factors (such as hemodynamic forces applied to the vessel walls in the forms of shear stress, vascular cyclic stretching, and extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness). Researchers have conducted in-depth research on the factors that affect the homing mechanism of BMSCs and their characteristics of paracrine activity in tissue healing and differentiation into local parts of damaged sites. We review the current understanding of BMSC homing and migration, with a focus on the chemical and mechanical factors that regulate BMSC migration and homing, hoping to provide assistance for clinical applications and the treatment of degenerative diseases
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